The Health Cost of Carbon: How Emissions, Urbanization, Life Expectancy and Economic Growth Shape Health Expenditures in BRICS Plus Countries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-v.273Keywords:
BRICS Plus, FMOLS, DOLS, Panel ARDL-PMG, Fixed , RandomAbstract
This study investigates the linkages between carbon emissions, economic growth, life expectancy, urbanization, and health expenditure in the BRICS Plus countries for the time period 2000–2023. The study employs Balanced Panel data and Panel Econometric Methods to investigate the short-run and long-run relationship amongst selected variables. Panel Unit Root tests are used to test the stationarity of the data. Panel Cointegration tests are used to find out the long-run relationship between the variables. The study employs multiple estimation techniques such as FMOLS, DOLS, Panel ARDL-PMG, Fixed Effects, and Random Effects Models to achieve reliable results. The Hausman test is used to decide which estimation model is to be selected and preferred. The results show that the variables are in a stable long-run relationship with one another. The long-run results indicate that carbon emissions and life expectancy are not associated with health expenditure. Whereas economic growth is associated with health expenditure. The Error Correction Mechanism verifies that short-run changes move towards the long-run equilibrium. The Panel Regression results show that carbon emissions and urbanization are important factors affecting health expenditure
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Copyright (c) 2026 Agha Adnan Khan, Qurab Ali, Abdul Rab Gopang, Dr. Imad Ali Khowaja
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