Non-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan from 2008 to 2024: An Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63062/trt/V24.075Keywords:
Food Security, Water Scarcity, Cyber Security, Demography, Energy CrisisAbstract
This study examines non-traditional security threats in Pakistan between 2008 and 2024, with a focus on environmental, food, water, health, cyber, demographic, and energy security threats. While traditional security threats such as wars and terrorism are significant, this study highlights the growing importance of non-traditional threats caused by rapid socioeconomic developments, climate change, and advances in technology. Over the last decade and a half, Pakistan has faced significant challenges in managing these risks, which frequently conflict with and increase one another. Environmental degradation, water shortages, food insecurity, public health issues, and rising energy demand are all major concerns that threaten the country's long-term stability. Cyber-attacks, encouraged by the rise of the internet, have become an important concern, threatening both government systems and private data. Demographic changes, such as rapid growth in population, development, and migration, impose additional strain on existing assets and increase the risk of crises. The paper examines the implications of these challenges for Pakistan's national security and offers ideas for resolving them through coordinated policies and regional cooperation.
References
AHMAD, S. B., & Khan, M. S. (2022). Cyber Threat to Pakistan National Security: National Security and Threat Perception. Pakistan Review of Social Sciences (PRSS), 3(1), 1-12.
Akram, N. (2024). Internal Migration in Pakistan: Some Socio-Economic Determinants and Significances. The Journal of Developing Areas, 58(2), 73-89. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2024.a924530
Ali, A., Riaz, S., & Iqbal, S. (2014). Deforestation and its impacts on climate change an overview of Pakistan. Papers on Global Change IGBP, 21(1), 51-60. https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/show-content?id=98869
Ali, F., Haider, S., & Nadeem, M. (2023). Non-Traditional Security Threats in 21st Century and its Socio-Political Impacts on Pakistan. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3(1), 975-988. https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i1.360
Anwar, M. W. (2020, December). Cyber Security in Pakistan: Regulations, Gaps and Way Forward. Cyberpolitik, 5(10).
Anwar, S., Hassan, M., & Kakar, A. (2021). Afghan refugees’ implications on Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 4(3), 117-129. https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v4i3.226
Ashraf, A., Abuzar, M. K., Ahmad, B., Ahmad, M. M., & Hussain, Q. (2017). Modeling risk of soil erosion in high and medium rainfall zones of Pothwar region, Pakistan: Assessment of soil erosion risk. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences, 54(2), 67-77. http://www.ppaspk.org/index.php/PPAS-B/article/view/379
Aslam, B., Gul, S., & Asghar, M. F. (2021). Evaluation of environmental degradation as an unprecedented threat to human security in Pakistan. Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ), 5(1), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/5.1.14
Aslam, M., Hussain, S., & Salah-ud-Din, S. (2024). Climate Change: A Threat to National Security of Pakistan. International Journal of Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences, 3(3), 1517-1526.
Acharya, A., Anthony, M. C., & Emmers, R. (2006). Studying Non-traditional Security in Asia: Trends and Issues. The University of California: Marshall Cavendish Academic.
Anthony, M. C. (2015). An Introduction to Non-Traditional Security Studies A Transnational Approach. SAGE Publications.
Ayaz, A., & AftAB, B. (2020). Non-traditional Security Threats to Pakistan: Challenges and the Way Forward. Defence Journal, 22(11), 24.
Bilal, W., Qamar, K., Abbas, S., Siddiqui, A., & Essar, M. Y. (2022). Infectious diseases surveillance in Pakistan: challenges, efforts, and recommendations. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 78(5), 1-3.
Chishti, M., Afzal, A., & Afzal, M. (2020). Pandemic induced uncertainties, challenges and threats to developing countries: A case study of Pakistan. Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 7(2), 126-136. https://doi.org/10.46662/jass-vol7-iss2-2020(126-136)
Devasher, T. (2017, October-December). pakistan’s non-traditional security threats. air power Journal, 12(4), 26.
Gasura, M. A. K., Abbas, A., & Chaichi, A. A. (2023). Impact of Non-Traditional Security Threats on Human Development Index: A Case Study of Pakistan. Annals of Human and Social Sciences, 4(2), 273-278. https://doi.org/10.35484/ahss.2023(4-II)26
Hassan, T. U., Ali, E., Hussain, H., Haq, A. U., Ali, E., & Ismail, M. (2024). Climate change: non-traditional security threats for Pakistan. International Journal of Learner Diversity and Identities, 31(1), 51-58.
Huda, S. u. (2014) December). Determinants of Population Growth in Pakistan. International Journal of Endorsing Health Science Research, 2(2), 97-99.
Hameiri, S., & Jones, L. (2015). Governing borderless threats: Non-traditional security and the politics of state transformation. Cambridge University Press.
Jabeen, N., Farwa, U., & Jadoon, M. (2017). Urbanization in Pakistan: a governance perspective. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 54(1), 127-136.
Javid, M., & Magsi, H. A. (2022). Non-Traditional Security Threats and Its Impact on Pakistan Economy. Pakistan's Multidisciplinary Journal for Arts & Science, 3(02), 16-21. https://pmdjas.com/index.php/pmdjas/article/view/48
Khan, I., Akram, A., Fatima, S., Ahmad, B., Rehman, Z., Arshad, N., ... & Ahmad, Z. (2022). Problems of agriculture in Pakistan: an insight into their solution. Pakistan Journal of Biotechnology, 19(02), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.34016/pjbt.2022.19.2.73
Khan, M. F., Raza, A., & Naseer, N. (2021). Cyber security and challenges faced by Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 4(4), 865-881. https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v4i4.408
Khoso, S., Wagan, F. H., Tunio, A. H., & Ansari, A. A. (2015). An overview on emerging water scarcity in Pakistan, its causes, impacts and remedial measures. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 13(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes13-6445
Malik, Z. U. A., Xing, H. M., Malik, S., Shahzad, T., Zheng, M., & Fatima, H. (2022). Cyber security situation in Pakistan: A critical analysis. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 19(1), 23-32.
Mansoor, S., & Mukhtar, A. (2021). Emerging Dimensions of Non-Traditional Security: Human Security in Pakistan. NDU Journal, 35, 61-78. https://ndujournal.ndu.edu.pk/site/article/view/80
Malik, Z. U. A. (2024). Threats to External and Internal Security of Pakistan In the Age of Globalization. GRIN Verlag.
Masys, A. J. (Ed.). (2016). Exploring the Security Landscape: non-traditional security challenges (p. 55). Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-27914-5
Perveen, S. (2022). Spread of water-borne Diseases in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 3 (4), 02-02.
Sadiq, M. M., & Daugėlienė, R. (2019, December). Assessment And Enhancement Of Cyber Security Risks In Pakistan. Faculty of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, 19.
Tanweer, A., Zaman, G. P., Fatima, W., & Javed, H. (2015). Report on malnutrition as an epidemic in Pakistan. Sci Int, 27(3), 2589-92.
Ullah, M., Sarfraz, M., Ullah, H., ur Rahman, Z., Gul, Z., Khan, M. U., ... & Rabnawaz, A. (2022). Water and Air Pollution as an Emerging Problem for Pakistan: A Review. Journal of Plant and Environment, 4(1), 87-92. https://esciencepress.net/journals/index.php/JPE/article/view/3992
Zahoor, S. (2024). Non-Traditional Security Threats and Decision-Making Mechanisms in Pakistan.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
