Vol. 2 No. 1 (2023): VOLUME 2023

View Vol. 2 No. 1 (2023): VOLUME 2023

January-December

Published: 2023-12-31

Articles

Full Open Access
Beyond the Goldsmith Line: Assessing the Intricacies of Border Control, Regional Interactions, and Cross-Border Risks in the Iran-Pakistan Border Region

Aftab Ahmad

doi https://doi.org/10.63062/trt/2k23a.21901
The Goldsmith Line is a crucial 564-mile route that runs from the Koh-i-Malik Siah tri-junction to Gawadar on the Arabian Sea coast, serving as a significant connection between the Middle East and South Asia, specifically dividing Iran and Pakistan. The Baloch people living on both sides of this border contribute to the region's demographic importance. This study examines the intricacies of border management, exploring historical elements such as regional alliances, relationships with the United States, and sectarian conflicts that have influenced security in the area. The Goldsmith Line is not involved in territorial issues but has security challenges because of cross-border migration, drug smuggling, and extremism. The border has become a potential battleground due to ongoing tensions and separatist operations. Despite the 1960 Border Accord and the 2013 security management agreement, controlling the area is difficult because of insufficient infrastructure and technology. The study examines how the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) has affected Iran-Pakistan relations and proposes that a strategic partnership rather than sectarianism should be the basis for bilateral ties. Transnational criminal organizations are increasing, making border security more complex, leading to attacks and allegations between the two nations. To tackle these difficulties, we need increased collaboration, technical progress, and a wider emphasis on socioeconomic growth to reduce criminal activities and promote regional stability.
1-8
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Political Alchemy: Bismarck's Brew of Alliances and Policies in the Late 19th Century

Hadiqa Mir

doi https://doi.org/10.63062/trt/2k23a.22506
This research explores Otto von Bismarck's multifaceted political journey from 1871 to 1890, focusing on his alliance with the "National Liberals," economic policies, and the failed Kulturkampf. Bismarck's shift towards conservative parties in 1878, marked by economic reforms and resistance against emerging social democracy, reveals the complex interplay of political forces. The study also delves into Bismarck's fervent anti-socialist stance and the subsequent ban on the Social Democratic Party in 1878, leading to the adoption of social laws. The paper examines Bismarck's failed attempts to garner worker support and the political consequences of the 1890 elections. Additionally, the research evaluates Bismarck's diplomatic successes in foreign policy, including the Three Emperors' League (1872), the Dual Alliance (1879), and the Triple Alliance (1882). Bismarck's intricate web of alliances and diplomatic finesse are explored, culminating in his resignation in 1890 amid conflicts with Emperor William II, leaving Europe in need of diplomatic stability.
9-16
Full Open Access
Post COVID-19 Analysis of Conservatism Effect Bias on Individual Investors of the KMI-30 Index at Pakistan Stock Exchange

Mujahid Gul, Adeel Rahim

doi https://doi.org/10.63062/trt/2k23a.23207
This study examines how conservative bias affected Pakistan Stock Exchange KMI-30 index investors after COVID-19. The main goal is to assess conservative bias in Pakistani stock market decision-making. Data from 162 respondents was carefully collected and analyzed using logistic regression, association testing, descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis. The study illuminates the impact of conservative bias on Pakistan's stock market investment selections. Both male and female investors react similarly to conservative bias, indicating that gender does not greatly change its effects. Conservative bias is more common in highly educated people, especially those with graduate and doctoral degrees. Younger investors (18-25) are less susceptible than 26-30-year-olds. Investors with one to three years of experience are more conservative, while those with less than a year or over three years are less vulnerable. Marital status barely affects financial prejudice. These findings emphasize the importance of demographic and experience characteristics in investment strategies and financial advice. The study underlines that good investment requires understanding psychological aspects affecting investor behavior, not just numbers. Understanding the human aspect in investment decision-making can help financial advisers, and regulators tailor advice and regulations to the varying needs and vulnerabilities of different investor groups, creating a more informed and resilient investing community.
17-30
Full Open Access
The Unseen Effects: Assessing Zia's Socio-Economic Policies in Pakistan

Zahid Ahmed

doi https://doi.org/10.63062/trt/2k23a.24111
Most of Pakistani society is segregated by ethnicity and driven by sectarian warfare. The problem harms society economically, politically, and socially. Pakistan is plagued by religious extremism. The issue has become the toughest. Pakistani Islam was deeply ingrained, but power politics, radical militarization, and political use of Islam fostered its militant expression. Zia-ul-Haq radicalized Pakistani society to build his dictatorial dictatorship. This study investigates the multiple repercussions of Zia ul Haq's socio-economic and political developments in Pakistan, focusing on Islamization. Nizam-i-Mustafa, Shariah legislation, and the Federal Shariah Court's role in reconciling Pakistan's diverse populace are examined in the study. The paper explores how these measures affect women, ethnic groups, and the judiciary. Zia's economic initiatives, including interest-free banking, Zakat, and Ushr Ordinance, are examined for Islamicity and economic impact. The study also explores political effects, highlighting public discontent in sectarian violence-affected areas. It also investigates how extremism claims have affected Pakistan's global standing. The study illuminates how religion and politics affected Pakistan's socio-political climate during Zia ul Haq.
31-41
Full Open Access
Shifting Alliances: Iran-Pakistan Relations in the Aftermath of the Islamic Revolution and Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Syed Umair Jalal, Ubaid Ullah

doi https://doi.org/10.63062/trt/2k23a.25108
This study investigates the multifaceted relationships that have emerged between Iran and Pakistan in the years following the Islamic Revolution in 1979 and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1980. This article offers light on the profound geopolitical transformations that have occurred in the region, highlighting how the United States' loss of Iran and the Soviet Union's conquest of Afghanistan significantly affected the balance of power in the region. The study is centered on the developing relationship between Iran and Pakistan, and it takes a journey through historical events such as Iran's backing for the Afghan Mujahideen, the effects of the Iran-Iraq conflict, and the difficulties that arise from different perspectives on Afghanistan. Furthermore, it investigates the socio-cultural components that form the connection between the two countries, particularly in the region of Balochistan. The economic components are subjected to a careful evaluation in this article, which also investigates trade trends and the blocked gas pipeline between Iran and Pakistan. The research comes to a conclusion with strategic recommendations for both countries to improve their bilateral relations in a world that is fast changing. These proposals are discussed in light of the current geopolitical circumstances.
42-50