Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): SUMMER 2025

(July-September)

Published: 2025-09-30

Articles

Full Open Access
The Impact of Childhood Trauma and Perceived Social Support on Depression: The Mediating Role of Emotional Regulation

Sadaf, Aisha Kayani, Syeda Amna Shafi

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.112
The present study examined the impact of childhood trauma and perceived social support on depression, with emotion regulation difficulties as a mediating variable, among adults residing in Karachi, Pakistan. Employing a quantitative, cross-sectional correlational design, data were collected from 188 participants aged 18 to 35 years, selected through purposive sampling from educational institutions, workplaces, and community centers. Standardized self-report instruments were administered, including the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16), and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Data analysis using SPSS Version 26 and Hayes’ PROCESS macro (Model 4) revealed that childhood trauma was positively correlated with depression and emotion regulation difficulties, while perceived social support showed significant negative correlations with depression, childhood trauma, and emotion regulation difficulties. Mediation analysis indicated that emotion regulation difficulties partially mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and depression, suggesting that individuals exposed to higher levels of trauma experience greater difficulties regulating emotions, thereby increasing depressive symptoms. These findings underscore the importance of trauma-informed and emotion-focused interventions along with enhancing perceived social support to reduce depression among adults in urban Pakistan. The study’s limitations in6+clude its cross-sectional design and reliance on self-report measures, warranting longitudinal and intervention-based research in diverse Pakistani populations.
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1-14
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A Predictive Exploration of What Uplifts or Undermines Young Adults’ Quality of Life

Ujalla Taveel, Dr. Saima Riaz

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.110
This study aimed to identify key risk and protective factors that predict the quality of life among young adults. A cross-sectional survey of 900 individuals aged 18–25 employed validated assessment tools and neural network analysis through SPSS-24 to determine the most influential predictors. The results highlighted that perfectionism (Importance=0.97; 23.5%) and excessive social media use (0.87; 21.0%) were the strongest risk factors negatively impacting quality of life, while social support (0.415; 48.7%), resilience (0.20; 48.7%), and effective coping strategies (0.127; 30.6%) emerged as the top protective factors. Overall, the findings underscore the significant roles these variables play in shaping young adults' well-being, with social support and resilience positively influencing, and perfectionism and social media use detracting from, quality of life.
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15-25
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Aggression and Social Media Addiction: Digital Platforms and their Effect on University Students

Baroosh Ahsan, Ureeda Akhtar

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.111
This study investigates the relationship between social media addiction (SMA) and aggressive attitudes among Pakistani university students. As digital platforms become increasingly embedded in student life, understanding their psychological impacts is crucial, particularly in Pakistan, where research on this topic remains limited. Using a qualitative, cross-sectional design, data were collected from 310 students (aged 17-28) across universities in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Three validated scales were employed: The Social Media Addiction Scale-Student Form (SMAS-SF) and the Aggression Scale. The study implemented rigorous sampling to ensure diverse representation while maintaining ethical standards. The foundations of the study were guided by Social Learning Theory and the General Aggression Model. The research aimed to assess the prevalence of social media addiction, to analyze its correlation with aggression or aggressive attitudes, and to explore gender differences in the manifestation of social media addiction and aggressive attitudes. Methodological care included cultural adaptation of instruments, pilot testing, and advanced statistical analyses controlling for socioeconomic and academic factors. The findings offer valuable insights for developing culturally appropriate interventions to promote healthier digital habits among students. The study bridges important research gaps while providing a foundation for future longitudinal investigations into these behavioral dynamics.
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26-40
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From Learning to Leadership: The Role of Civil Society and Peace Education on Socio-Political Change in Pakistan

Muhammad Ayaz

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.106
For holistic peace in any society, a sustainable socio-political change is required that needs integration of all stakeholders. To achieve this goal, educating the youth can play a vital role. In Pakistan, more than 48.4% among the total youth aged 5-16 years are out-of-school. Such a large number of children needs schools equal to what Pakistan could build since its independence in 1947, leaving a gap for civil society to fill. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the role of Peace education and civil society in bringing a positive socio-political change in Pakistan. The study takes data through semi-structured interviews from the founding members of two Islamabad based civil society organisations (CSOs) and peace education experts. Secondary data is gathered from the official websites of relevant organizations. The findings reveal that CSOs in Pakistan are actively working to empower the youth through educating the uneducated mostly using traditional education system as well as grooming the learned. The study recommends that CSOs needs to incorporate peace education which is more important for bringing socio-political awareness and positive peace in a society.
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41-54
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Rising Waters, Shifting Risks: A Comparative Hydro-meteorological Analysis of the 2010 and 2022 Floods in the Kabul River Basin

Faheem Ullah, Muazam Saleem Khattak, Muhammad Hasnain khan, Imad hussain, Sheraz Ahmed

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.117
The Kabul River Basin, which covers eastern Afghanistan as well as the northwestern corner of Pakistan, has witnessed two of the most disastrous flood incidents in 2010 and 2022. This paper offers a comparative hydro-meteorological analysis of these floods with emphasis on rainfall intensity, runoff surface, river discharge, and the spatial scale of floods. The research presents significant changes in the behavior of floods in both events using secondary datasets of NASA MERRA-2, PMD, GlobeLand30, and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa WAPDA Department, GIS mapping, and hydrological modeling. The total amount of monsoonal rainfall in 2010 was 606 mm, and in 2022 it significantly grew to 826 mm, which shows the influence of the changes in rainfall and land use due to the expansion of urban areas. Though in 2010 the peak discharge was higher (135,075 cusecs vs. 127,384 in 2022), what made 2022 evident is higher average flows and a longer period of high discharge. The results credit this increase in flood hazards in relation to climatic fluctuations, glaciers, and decreasing infiltrations under man-made stresses. They suggest strengthened early warning systems, land-use policies; transboundary watershed management, and adaptive planning of infrastructure would strengthen resilience and could be used to reduce the effects of future floods in vulnerable South Asian river basins.
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55-66
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The Power of Collaboration: Cooperative Learning Strategies for Enhancing Primary Level Students' Social Skills

Qaiser Mehmood, Khatiba Akhter, Sara Abid, Sobia Yaseen, Dr. Muhammad Naqeeb Ul Khalil Shaheen

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.118
This research was conducted with the intention of finding out the role of cooperative learning strategies, which foster students' collaboration, communication, and empathy, on the development of social skills in children at the primary level. The study aimed to assess students' social skills as perceived by teachers, identify cooperative learning strategies used at the primary level, and examine the relationship between these strategies and students' social skills in Kotli, AJ&K. The population of the study consisted of 79 teachers from all the government primary schools of Kotli, AJ&K. A universal sampling strategy was administered in this research. The researchers designed a five-scale questionnaire to measure the set objectives. The researchers personally gathered data from every primary school in Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. For the purpose of data analysis, SPSS software was utilised. Students develop interpersonal skills by working in small groups; researchers analyzed data using frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviation, and correlation. The findings revealed that most respondents concurred that teachers' effective cooperative learning strategies included group discussion, peer tutoring, and the Jigsaw technique. Additionally, teachers perceived that they were good at performing social skills in the classroom. However, respondents disagreed that teachers could use the "think pair share" activity in the classroom. Furthermore, there was a moderate and positive relationship between teachers' cooperative learning strategies and students' social skills. It is recommended that teachers focus on tone, body language, and active listening, and use empathy-building exercises to foster deeper understanding and effective connections with students.
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67-78
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Product Naming: Analyzing Customer Preferences

Dr. Sadia Siddiq, Bibi Amina, Savera Naheed

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.120
The first thing that represents a product is its title or name. It is observed that sometimes a very quality product can go unnoticed because of ineffective titles or names. The area, thereby, needs to be under a constant lens of observation. Despite that, previous research in this domain has been less explored. Thereby, the current study aims to explore and investigate customer preferences for product names. The researcher uses a qualitative method to collect the data in the form of interviews. The study uses Bernard Berelson's content analysis and Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis. The findings revealed that product names significantly influence customer preferences, with emotionally evocative, imaginative, and simple names being the most favored. Younger participants preferred poetic and adventurous names such as Fragrance Like Dancing Stars, while older individuals favored comforting and dependable names such as Reliable Fragrance. Gender and professional background also shaped preferences, with creative individuals drawn to expressive names and structured professionals leaning toward familiar and trustworthy options.
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79-90
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Interplay of Personality Traits and Self-Regulation among Secondary School Teachers

Dr. Riffat Ahmad, Ahmad Ashraf Khan, Dr. Muhammad Anwer, Munaza Rafique, Iqra Mansoor

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.122
Present research explored the complexity of personality characteristics concerning self-regulation at the secondary level of the teaching profession in the government sector within the city of Lahore, Pakistan. With the quantitative, correlational type of design, a convenience sample of 300 teachers (male 150 and female 150) was surveyed through a structured questionnaire. The interdependence was investigated with the use of statistical methods, such as Pearson correlation and independent samples t-tests. Outcomes showed that self-regulation had a strong, positive relationship with each of the personality traits in the Big Five, with the highest values in conscientiousness (r=0.512, p<0.001) and emotional stability (r=0.469, p<0.001). It is also noteworthy that male teachers showed higher indicators in self-regulation and personality characteristics than female ones, and teachers aged between 31 and 40 received the best results on the main variables. The research findings show that personality variables are huge predictors of the ability of a teacher to self-regulate, which is why special needs-based professional development is a necessity. The evidence suggests that self-regulatory improvement efforts can be tailored as interventions to enhance teaching effectiveness and well-being, based on the teachers' personality profiles.
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91-99
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Despotic Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Psychological Distress

Javaria Tariq, Dr. Sayyed Adnan Shabbir, Dr. Fatima Abrar, Dr. Shahzad Hussain

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.125
The complex dynamics of autocratic leadership in Pakistan's contact centre industry are examined in this study, along with the effects it has on employees' mental health and job satisfaction. With psychological distress serving as a mediating factor, the study examines the relationship between autocratic leadership and job satisfaction, drawing on the Conservation of Resources (COR) hypothesis (Hobfoll, 1989). 109 contact centre workers in Rawalpindi and Islamabad completed self-administered questionnaires to provide data. The hypothesis was tested using simple linear regression, and the findings indicated that it was significant. The mediation effects, including total, direct, and indirect linkages, were also evaluated using Hayes' (2013) PROCESS Models 1 and 4. The findings demonstrated a high correlation between job satisfaction and leadership style, with psychological discomfort acting as a key mediating factor. These results demonstrate how despotic leadership negatively affects workers' mental health and general job satisfaction. Initiatives for mentorship, ethical leadership development, and training programs can all be useful instruments for lessening the negative effects of autocratic conduct. Encouraging a culture of moral leadership may strengthen bonds between coworkers and create a more wholesome, effective workplace. The findings provide important perspectives for HR and HRD professionals, highlighting the necessity of not just hiring appropriate candidates but also investing in leadership and employee development initiatives. These initiatives can lower stress levels, improve job satisfaction, and foster a more sustainable and supportive culture in call center work environments.
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100-113
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Psychological Barriers as Hindrance in Communication: A Case Study at the University of Swat

Imran Syed, Aqleem Ejaz, Qaisar Sharif

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.124
This study examines the impact of psychological barriers on communication among university students, with a particular focus on BS English 5th-semester students at the University of Swat. Psychological barriers such as anxiety, lack of confidence, fear of mistakes, nervousness, and discouragement are identified as significant obstacles to effective communication in English as a second language. The research is framed within Stephen Krashen's (1982) Affective Filter Hypothesis, which explains how emotional variables interfere with language acquisition and communication. A quantitative approach was adopted, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 30 students, comprising 15 male and 15 female participants. The responses were analysed using Microsoft Excel and presented through pie charts for clarity. The findings reveal that most students experience psychological barriers that hinder their communicative competence. Lack of confidence, nervousness, and fear of being humiliated emerged as the most acute problems. Furthermore, external factors such as the presence of highly proficient peers and discriminatory teacher behaviour contributed to students’ feelings of inferiority and reluctance to participate in communication. These barriers not only limited students’ fluency but also affected their motivation and overall learning outcomes. The study suggests that supportive classroom practices, encouragement from teachers, appreciation from peers, and a positive societal attitude toward English learning can play a critical role in reducing psychological barriers. Creating a more inclusive and motivating learning environment is therefore essential for enhancing students’ confidence and enabling them to communicate effectively.

The findings reveal that most students experience psychological barriers that hinder their communicative competence. Lack of confidence, nervousness, and fear of being humiliated emerged as the most acute problems. Furthermore, external factors such as the presence of highly proficient peers and discriminatory teacher behaviour contributed to students’ feelings of inferiority and reluctance to participate in communication. These barriers not only limited students’ fluency but also affected their motivation and overall learning outcomes.

The study suggests that supportive classroom practices, encouragement from teachers, appreciation from peers, and a positive societal attitude toward English learning can play a critical role in reducing psychological barriers. Creating a more inclusive and motivating learning environment is therefore essential for enhancing students’ confidence and enabling them to communicate effectively.
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114-129
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Strengthening Climate-Resilient WASH Systems in Rural Communities: Water Scarcity, Governance, and Gender Vulnerabilities in Disaster-Prone Regions of Pakistan

Afzaal Afzal, Dr. Saif Ullah, Muhammad Saleem Anwar

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.123
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are critical to both community health and human health, so it is imperative in less urban areas where these services are critical to the health of the population. This study is significant because climate change has created key challenges to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) systems in the rural areas of Pakistan. The fact that there are increased vulnerabilities among the communities, especially women, as concerns water scarcity and inadequate sanitation, poses an imperative need for having environmentally resilient and gender-inclusive WASH systems that the study aims to bring into focus. Improving governance and infrastructure ensures climate-resilient WASH, better health, and socio-economic outcomes for disaster-prone rural communities. A qualitative methodology was used, whereby interviews, focus groups, and participatory observation mechanisms were deployed to collect data among 90 respondents concerning three areas (all three provinces of Pakistan, i.e., Tharparkar (Sindh), Chitral (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), and Dera Ismail Khan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) cross-cutting across social, governance, and gender dimensions of WASH-related issues. More than 70 percent of the rural populations surveyed complained of a lack of sufficient clean water supply, compounded by the unpredictable weather and disasters caused by climate change, such as floods and droughts. Most of the time, women engaged in water collection spend an average of 2.5 hours every day collecting water; hence, they have limited access to education and economic activities. Also, poor community involvement and lack of coordination among stakeholders are governance weaknesses that block effective delivery of WASH services.
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130-140
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Generational Differences in Adjustment Problems Among Early, Middle-Aged, and Late Adults

Dr. Iram Naz, Sameera Shafiq, Sadaf Wajid

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.127
To investigate the generational differences in adjustment problems among early, middle-aged, and late Adults. It was a cross-sectional research design. The 300 adult participants' data were gathered from Gujrat and Jhelum. The sample selection was executed through convenience sampling, i.e., a non-probability sampling technique. In the demographic sheet, the age of participants was requested, whereas psychological adjustment was examined by the Scale of Adjustment for Adults by Naz, Bano & Leghari. In all three groups of adults, i.e., early, middle-aged, and late adults, the number of participants was the same. Most of the adults encounter fewer adjustment issues, n=195(65%) of adjustment problems. The Scale of Adjustment for Adults gives the cut-off score of 71 or more. Anyone who scored above 71 was considered maladjusted or not adjusted. About 21% (n=63) were maladjusted. The comparison of three adult groups was done by One-way Analysis of Variance. The result specified a difference in the psychological adjustment issues confronted by different adult groups. The Means and SD of the three groups indicated that early adulthood (64.85±10.35) has more adjustment issues than late (62.07±10.07) and middle adulthood (60.59±9.35). The study findings indicated that adults had a low level of adjustment problems, whereas the prevalence of adjustment problems was 21%. Furthermore, the three groups of adulthood experience different psychological adjustment issues.
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141-148
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A Semantic-Pragmatic Analysis of the English Translation of an Urdu Play Kuch Ankahi

Umme Sadia, Dr. Isra Irshad

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.132
The subtitling of idioms, metaphors, and humor presents significant translation challenges, often requiring compromises between semantic clarity and cultural authenticity. This study examines the transfer of semantic and pragmatic meanings employed in the English subtitles of the culturally rich Urdu television play Kuch Ankahi, written by Syed Mohammad Ahmed, focusing on the accuracy of meaning and cultural features during translation. Using a qualitative approach, this study analyzes selected dialogue pairs to explore how meanings are generalized or specified deliberately. These choices are evaluated not only for their effectiveness in maintaining the core meaning of the source text (ST) but also on how they influence the tone, emotional impact, and cultural expressiveness of the dialogues when translated into the target text (TT). By using Baker’s (1992) proposed strategies for translating culture-specific items and Sperber and Wilson’s (1986) relevance theory, the study aims to determine whether the applied strategies enhance or limit the precision of the subtitles. The results indicate that most of the meanings are generalized, which enhances clarity and semantic transparency but often diminishes the aesthetic tone, humor, cultural richness, and emotional subtlety of the original text.
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149-156
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AI-Driven Climate Change Communication Strategies in International Diplomacy

Irfan Ali Pitafi, Mahroz Ali Lak, Nemat Ullah Pitafi, Muhammad Azhar Ul Deen Pitafi

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.130
The article explains the wide implications of artificial intelligence (AI) to the transformation of how the issue of climate change is being communicated at the international diplomatic level. As the role of climate change in international governance continues to grow, there is a need to devise efficient communication policies that will support international cooperation and the successful negotiation and implementation of climate agreements. This paper attempts to describe how artificial intelligence (AI) technologies (natural language processing (NLP), machine learning, and high data analytics) may be applied to diplomatic speech. Not only to improve communication but also to adapt the communication to various cultural, political, and socio-economic environments is the focus. In order to be more effective and prove clearly and convincingly why the climate crisis can be called a serious issue, refute fake facts, and engage various stakeholders, including governments, non-governmental organizations, and civil society in a successful dialogue, the governments, policymakers, and international organizations can resort to the power of artificial intelligence (AI). The article describes the application of AI to enhance the provision of messages related to climate in a manner which is sensitive to the values and norms of various countries. The paper concludes by adding to the existing body of knowledge the question whether the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) can be deployed in a strategic manner in order to better global climate governance and assist all people in recognizing the potential and rational climate solutions.
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157-168
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The Social Psychological Effects of Gadgets on Speech Development of Toddlers: An Analysis of District Multan

Saliha Hayat Khan, Dr. Madieha Akram, Dr. Aamir Hayat

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.135
Nowadays toddlers use gadgets frequently. Although too much use of gadgets has some specific influence on children language development. contemporary gadgets have lot of features and instruments to entertain kids. Young toddlers are using gadgets with comfort and getting involved towards them. Extreme use of gadgets devices influences kids’ cognitive abilities, and their linguistic skills during their growing age, that is a period of 1 to 5 years. The objective of this research was to examine social psychological effects of gadgets on children speech development. And to find out relationship between gadgets usage and its influence on toddlers’ language. This research has use qualitative methodology for present study. In depth interview was used as a tool for collection of data. The data was collected through 19 respondents who were parents and family members of toddlers who are experiencing language delay issues due to excessive use of gadgets. The data analysis was done using thematic approach. The results clearly showed a connection between high gadget use and delays in both speech and social skills. A large number of children who were using devices for more than 3 hours each day were facing issues related to speech development. The findings of this study will be helpful for parents to understand how extreme gadgets usage harm children linguistic development and causes communication problem among toddlers in Pakistan.
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169-176
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Metaverse as a New Medium: Contemporary Research Trends in Media & Communication Discipline

Erum Waheed, Muhammad Rashid, Khurram Saleem

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.133
With the invention of every new medium, either newspaper, radio, film, television, internet, and digital communication technologies, the media & and communication as a discipline evolved in terms of new theoretical approaches, methodologies, practices, and especially the effects of the medium on every aspect of human lives. The recent trends of research in this discipline have shown how the specific medium will be important for society in connection with its effects and future implications. The creation and upgradation of new theories and methodologies also depend on research trends. Metaverse, as a virtual and immersive communication tool, is emerging in every aspect of human life, and scholars are predicting that in the future, Metaverse will lead communication technologies. This research aims to explore the Metaverse as a new medium and its implications in the media & and communication discipline field. Through the systematic review of the 50 most relevant articles, this research explored the contemporary research trends in the Media and communication discipline related to the Metaverse. The Metaverse as a new medium has been investigated dominantly as a source of audience virtual and immersive social interaction, immersive entertainment, and an effective gaming medium. The evolution of the medium is the message, impactful on users' experience, evolution in the advertisement & marketing, privacy & ethical concerns, as a tool of education, and the new global village. With the help of the sociotechnical imaginaries theory, this research highlights the futuristic importance of the Metaverse in this discipline.
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177-192
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Dynamics of Viewer's Attention: Making Content More Engaging in a Vertical Frame

Afzaal Yousaf Baig, Muhammad Riaz, Muhammad Ali Baig, Mirza Zaib Hasan

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.138
The proliferation of mobile-first social media platforms has established vertical video (9:16 aspect ratio) as a dominant format for content consumption. However, established principles of visual composition, largely derived from landscape cinematography, may not directly apply to this narrow, portrait-oriented frame. This study investigates the impact of subject positioning on viewer attention within vertical videos. Using mobile camera-based eye-tracking technology provided by RealEye.io, we conducted a within-subjects experiment with 40 participants. Each participant viewed two purpose-created, 20-second stimulus videos. The first video (Dynamic AOI) featured the primary Area of Interest (AOI) in multiple, varied locations throughout the frame. The second video (Central AOI) consistently positioned the AOI in the central third of the frame. Key eye-tracking metrics were analyzed, including fixation duration, saccade count, and a derived attention efficiency metric, Coefficient K (ratio of fixations to saccades). The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the two conditions. The Central AOI video elicited significantly longer average fixation durations and fewer saccades compared to the Dynamic AOI video. Consequently, Coefficient K was substantially higher for the centrally framed content. These findings suggest that central framing in vertical video reduces cognitive load, minimizes visual search behavior, and facilitates more sustained and focused attention on the primary subject. The study concludes that for content creators, marketers, and platform designers seeking to maximize viewer engagement and message retention in the vertical video ecosystem, a deliberate strategy of centering the primary subject is demonstrably more effective
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193-208
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Impact of Parental Involvement on Students’ Motivation, Social Behaviour And Academic Performance

Dr. Bushra Salahuddin, Rakhshanda Hassan, Syed Ahmad Raza Shah Gillani, Dr. Shabnam Razaq Khan, Muhammad Mujtaba Haider

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.136
The research article addresses the idea of how parental involvement would encourage social behavior and performance of learners within the District of Dera Ghazi Khan and secondary schools. The validated five-point Likert scale questionnaire and a descriptive research method were applied to them to gather the data on a stratified random sample (397 tenth-grade students in public schools). The reliability of the tools was ensured using the Cronbach alpha analysis and a pilot study. Both descriptive and inferential statistics and regression were used to test the null hypotheses. The results will help in explaining the specific relationships that are being looked at that can be useful to teachers, parents, and policymakers in creating further successful strategies that will lead to improved student outcomes through better interaction between parents.
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209-218
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Love Marriage: Community Perception and Satisfaction in Large Urban Centres of Central Punjab, Pakistan

Saira Batool, Dr. Haq Nawaz Anwar

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.140
Marriage is a socially accepted sexual union between a male and a female in which women children are recognized as a legitimate offspring’s of the couple. When two individuals marry because they both love and understand each other, then it is called love marriage. In Pakistan due to social and cultural conventions, some families are adamantly against such relationships, while others may be sympathetic. The research was quantitative in nature. Multistage sampling technique was used in the study. From large three Urban Centres Lahore was selected randomly. One municipal town was selected from Lahore which was Nishtar town. From this one union council namely Kahna Nau was selected randomly. 382 households were selected through systematic random sampling technique. For the collection of data Pre-coded interview schedule was used. The data was collected from the head of the household. The inferential tests were applied on the data. Which were Chi-square test, Yeh’s Index of Perception and Yeh’s index of Satisfaction. The value of chi square was 0.456 and 0.324. The value of Yeh’s Index of perception test was 0.376 while Yeh’s index of Satisfaction was 0.3647. Results indicates that a minor percentage of the people were perceived better and satisfied from love marriage.
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219-228
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The Thal Paradox: A Legacy of Golden History and Systemic Neglect in Pakistan

Muhammad Khizar Hayyat, Dr. Samia Khalid

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.139
The Thal region of Punjab, Pakistan, presents a profound paradox. Historically known as the "Golden Palace" for its ancient, advanced civilization and fertile past, it is geographically a challenging arid plain. Despite producing a significant number of the country's political, literary, and artistic leaders, Thal suffers from severe and systemic developmental neglect. This analysis examines the disconnect between the region's substantial political representation, 19 National Assembly and 37 Provincial Assembly seats, and its stark infrastructure deficits. The region lacks essential institutions such as universities, medical colleges, and hospitals, forcing youth to migrate and stunting local economic growth. This neglect is attributed to a cycle of unresponsive local leadership, whose priorities lie with party central command rather than constituent needs, and a populace disillusioned by unfulfilled promises. Consequently, Thal remains marginalized, its potential stifled by a lack of investment in education, healthcare, and industry, perpetuating a cycle of poverty and underdevelopment despite its rich historical and human capital.
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229-239
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Constructing “King Babar”: A Multimodal Analysis of Babar Azam Fans’ Posts on Social Media

Tooba Kiran, Hafsa Ghias, Dr. Saqib Aziz

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.128
This research aims to explore the acknowledgement given by fans of the Ex-Captain of the Pakistani Cricket Team, Babar Azam. The digital platform this study will be using is “X”. This study has chosen tweets of multiple accounts by purposive sampling. 6 tweets have been taken from X in the span of 2023 for this purpose. The data is analyzed qualitatively, and the framework employed for this research is Multimodal, proposed by Kress and Leeuwen's (2006) visual grammar, which provides an accurate description of the replicating meaning, interactive meaning, and compositional meaning of picture conversation and is also applicable to the analysis of X discourse. This study discusses how various symbolic elements communicate with one another in order to create an entire discourse with linguistic signs, such as the use of certain adjectives, angles, and colors, and then express additional interpersonal interactive meaning. The importance of this study resides not just in its attention on cricket sensation Babar Azam, but also in its methodological creativity. The study goes beyond the typical analysis of text by including Kress and Leeuwen's (2006) visual grammar paradigm. This enables a more sophisticated comprehension of how fans use visual components such as angles, colors, and emoticons to create and convey an idealized picture of their star. The findings suggest that through the utilization of such linguistic signs, the fans have glamorized the image of Babar Azam. Along with that, the findings also suggest that visual grammar is viable and practical for analyzing multimodal X posts. The backdrop and content of X conversation may be successfully reinforced and clarified, and it is critical to increase viewers' capacity to interpret tweets.
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240-254
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Strategic Business Approaches for Nanotechnology-Based Sunscreen and Services

Syed Kamal Abid, Dr. Nasira Jabeen, Nida Ali, Tahira Khan, Roha Ali

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.141
The escalating ultraviolet radiation threats because of ozone damage have created a worldwide need for safe yet efficient sunscreens with attractive cosmetic qualities. Nanotechnology provides a solution by enhancing UV protection and addressing the stability and environmental issues of traditional sunscreens. This study examines strategic business approaches necessary for the development, commercialization, and adoption of nanotechnology-based sunscreens, focusing on advancements in titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Key success factors identified include robust product development, regulatory compliance, innovative pricing, efficient distribution, and proactive consumer education. Supply chain resilience, corporate social responsibility, and intellectual property protection are critical for achieving sustainable competitive advantage. By embracing partnerships, digital innovation, and market expansion, businesses can overcome regulatory, environmental, and scalability challenges. This research proposes an integrated innovation model that aligns scientific progress with strategic business practices to ensure sustainability, market leadership, and responsible growth in the global sunscreen industry.
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255-273
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Corporate Governance, ESG Performance, and Investment Decision: A Study from a Developing Economy

Fareha Azhar, Dr. Ammara Mubashar, Rizwana Hayat, Kanwal Nawaz

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.146
This study explores how corporate governance influences capital investment decisions in Pakistan's banking sector, with a particular focus on whether Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance moderates this relationship. Grounded in stakeholder and legitimacy theories, the research compiles a balanced panel of 25 commercial banks from 2015 to 2024. This research integrates corporate governance mechanisms, ESG performance, and control variables such as firm size, debt ratio, and cash holdings to analyze their impact on capital expenditures. This study concludes that while corporate governance alone can restrict unnecessary investments, the inclusion of ESG performance enables firms to make more socially responsible and profitable investment decisions. These findings have significant implications for banks, regulators, and investors, offering a framework for incorporating both governance and sustainability into long-term investment strategies.
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274-283
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Trade Openness, Renewable Energy, and Environmental Outcomes: Evidence from Pakistan

Dr. Wasim Shahid Khawaja, Prof. Dr. Azam Ali, Dr. Saleem Raza Bhatti, Muhammad Mubashir Khan

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.144
This study examines the dynamic, long-run and short-run relationships between trade openness, renewable energy consumption, and environmental degradation in Pakistan from 1970 to 2023. Employing an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds-testing approach, the study analyzes the key determinants of per-capita CO₂ emissions. Long-run findings indicate that trade openness reduces emissions significantly, whereas a greater share of renewable energy, unexpectedly, correlates with increased CO₂emissions. This counterintuitive outcome is attributed to the inclusion of traditional biomass in renewable data and the carbon-intensive nature of new energy infrastructure development. Furthermore, economic growth and foreign direct investment both contribute to environmental degradation, supporting the presence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve and pollution-haven phenomena in their early phases. Short-run analysis indicates that the emission-reducing effects of trade liberalization are immediate, whereas the benefits of renewable energy exhibit a significant lag. The error correction model implies a fast, overshooting return to long run equilibrium. These findings highlight the complex, context-dependent nature of the environmental-economic nexus in a developing nation and underscore the necessity for nuanced policy that accounts for both immediate and delayed impacts. The analysis suggests a need to exploit effects of trade liberalization through stricter environmental standards, improve strategies for the use of renewable energy resources that actually reduce emissions, and carefully screen foreign investments to be consistent with `green' needs, in order to reconcile tensions between economic prosperity and environmental protection.
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284-300
Full Open Access
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Parental Attachment and Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Adolescents: A Study from Gujrat, Pakistan

Dr. Noreena Kausar, Huma Arbab, Anam Zafar

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SR25.157
Parental attachment and the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) play a central role in the emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) in adolescents. The present study looked at the nature of the relationship between ACEs, parental attachment and EBPs among adolescents (14-19 years) of Gujrat City, Pakistan. A group of 400 adolescents enrolled in public and private schools were targeted. The correlational research design was used in testing the relationship among ACE experiences, parental attachment and EBPPs. Measurement of the ACEs was, with respect to the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-Q) (Felitti et al, 1998), which measured the frequency and severity of the trauma that one experienced as a child. The basis of internalizing and externalizing behavior was used in the assessment of EBPS based on the grounds of Emotional and Behavioral Problems Scale (EBPS) (Kausar et al., 2022). Parental Attachment- the means of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) was used to measure Parental Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987). Data analysis was performed through the SPSS version 26 statistical package of the Social Sciences (SPSS). Spearman correlation showed ACEs positively relate to EBPs, while parental attachment negatively correlates with both ACEs and EBPs. All correlations are significant (p < 0.01). Regression analysis found ACEs to be significant predictors of EBPs, with 13% variance in EBPs. No significant gender differences were found, but subject differences existed. ACEs predict EBPs, yet community and extended family support may better address adolescent mental health in Pakistan.
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301-314
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Beyond the Battlefield: A Comparative Linguistic Analysis of Pak-Indian Military Narratives in the May 2025 Conflict

Maria Rehman, Salma Naz Khattak

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/SG25.107
This study examines the linguistic construction of victory and national identity in military narratives by conducting a comparative linguistic analysis of press briefings from Pakistan’s Inter-Services Public Relations and India’s Press Information Bureau following the 2025 Indo-Pak military clash. Both institutions held press conferences during the conflict and after the ceasefire on May 11, 2025, aiming to frame the national triumph and justify their military stance. Through the lens of Systemic Functional Linguistics and Appraisal Theory, the study investigates how rhetorical strategies are employed to project national identity, legitimise military actions, and delegitimise the opponent. Findings reveal that Pakistan’s Inter-Services Public Relations uses assertive language, active voice, and war metaphors to portray a decisive victory to reinforce national unity, while India’s Press Information Bureau adopts a more cautious tone, favouring passive constructions and diplomatic appeals to construct moral superiority and global responsibility. Both narratives heavily rely on inclusive pronouns “we” and strategic ambiguity around the ceasefire to safeguard institutional reputation and sustain public support. This research contributes to conflict communication and peacebuilding studies by showing how military discourse shapes collective memory, nationalist sentiment, and perceptions of legitimacy in military conflicts. The analysis emphasises the pivotal role of language in identity formation and ideological framing. Future research should expand this inquiry to include audience reception and the evolving influence of digital media on military narratives.
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315-324

Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): SUMMER 2025

Articles

The Impact of Childhood Trauma and Perceived Social Support on Depression: The Mediating Role of Emotional Regulation

A Predictive Exploration of What Uplifts or Undermines Young Adults’ Quality of Life

Aggression and Social Media Addiction: Digital Platforms and their Effect on University Students

From Learning to Leadership: The Role of Civil Society and Peace Education on Socio-Political Change in Pakistan

Rising Waters, Shifting Risks: A Comparative Hydro-meteorological Analysis of the 2010 and 2022 Floods in the Kabul River Basin

The Power of Collaboration: Cooperative Learning Strategies for Enhancing Primary Level Students' Social Skills

Product Naming: Analyzing Customer Preferences

Interplay of Personality Traits and Self-Regulation among Secondary School Teachers

Despotic Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Psychological Distress

Psychological Barriers as Hindrance in Communication: A Case Study at the University of Swat

Strengthening Climate-Resilient WASH Systems in Rural Communities: Water Scarcity, Governance, and Gender Vulnerabilities in Disaster-Prone Regions of Pakistan

Generational Differences in Adjustment Problems Among Early, Middle-Aged, and Late Adults

A Semantic-Pragmatic Analysis of the English Translation of an Urdu Play Kuch Ankahi

AI-Driven Climate Change Communication Strategies in International Diplomacy

The Social Psychological Effects of Gadgets on Speech Development of Toddlers: An Analysis of District Multan

Metaverse as a New Medium: Contemporary Research Trends in Media & Communication Discipline

Dynamics of Viewer's Attention: Making Content More Engaging in a Vertical Frame

Impact of Parental Involvement on Students’ Motivation, Social Behaviour And Academic Performance

Love Marriage: Community Perception and Satisfaction in Large Urban Centres of Central Punjab, Pakistan

The Thal Paradox: A Legacy of Golden History and Systemic Neglect in Pakistan

Constructing “King Babar”: A Multimodal Analysis of Babar Azam Fans’ Posts on Social Media

Strategic Business Approaches for Nanotechnology-Based Sunscreen and Services

Corporate Governance, ESG Performance, and Investment Decision: A Study from a Developing Economy

Trade Openness, Renewable Energy, and Environmental Outcomes: Evidence from Pakistan

Adverse Childhood Experiences, Parental Attachment and Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Adolescents: A Study from Gujrat, Pakistan

Beyond the Battlefield: A Comparative Linguistic Analysis of Pak-Indian Military Narratives in the May 2025 Conflict

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