Vol. 5 No. 7 (2026): Issue 7 (July Issue)

Discipline: Social Sciences (Miscellaneous)

Published: 2026-07-30

Articles

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An Interplay of Academic Procrastination, Achievement Goals, and Personality Traits among Students: Evidence from South Punjab, Pakistan

Marvi Khan, Dr. Asma Bashir, Hafiza Shahzeena Bibi

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.321
Academic procrastination is a common problem, but little research has been conducted on its relationship with personality traits and motivation in non-Western countries. This study investigated these correlations in Pakistan, utilizing a sample of 500 Pakistani university and vocational students. Employing the correlational design, the participants took part in the Big Five Inventory, Achievement Goal Questionnaire-Revised and Academic Procrastination Scale. The results demonstrated that the achievement goals had a positive but weak correlation with extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, and no correlation with neuroticism. Academic procrastination correlated negatively with extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness and correlated positively with neuroticism. Further regression analyses found that conscientiousness, neuroticism and achievement goals collectively predicted academic procrastination. Moreover, moderation analysis found that moderate-to-high achievement goals attenuated the relationship between personality and procrastination, indicating that they acted as buffers. There were no gender differences, but the vocational students had higher achievement goals than university students. The current research expands personality and motivation research into Pakistani culture, demonstrating that achievement goals need to be developed in order to prevent procrastination.
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1-13
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After the Final Salute: A Qualitative Study of Coping among Military Retirees

Laiba Zaki, Ayesha Nayyar, Hamna Shakeel, Maheen Amjad

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.334
The transition from military service to post-retirement life represents a profound psychosocial disruption characterized by the loss of institutional structure, occupational identity, and collective networks. Grounded in the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping and the Conservation of Resources Theory, this qualitative study critically explored the coping mechanisms utilized by Pakistani military retirees and examined the personal, relational, and structural conditions governing their effectiveness. A qualitative research design was employed with 15 military retirees (N = 15; male, n = 11; female, n = 4; aged 50–65 years) recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. Participants were first screened for clinical distress using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) before participating in semi-structured in-depth interviews guided by the methodological framework of Kallio et al. (2016). Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed that coping was not an isolated individual attribute, but a context dependent process shaped by five overarching themes: active reconstruction of routine and purpose; religious coping and acceptance; planning and problem-focused coping; family and peer support; and avoidance, minimization, and restricted help-seeking. Although rebuilding structured daily routines, practicing spiritual coping, proactive planning, and relying on family and peer networks facilitated positive psychological adaptation, military-ingrained emotional stoicism, denial, and distraction frequently impeded formal help-seeking.
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14-28
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Language Contact and Syntactic Complexity: A Corpus-Based Analysis of Clause Structure in Pakistani English Research Articles

Mairam Arif, Behzad Anwar, Uswa Shahid, Quratulain Cheema

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.332
The study investigates the syntactic complexity in Pakistani research articles. The focus of the research is on academic texts produced by Pakistani scholars and published in international journals. A mixed-methods research design is employed to examine the factors contributing to syntactic complexity in Pakistani English academic writing. This research mainly focuses on the complementation clause (that-clause) and other embedded clauses, which contribute to the syntactic complexity in writing. The syntactic measurement is examined using the key indices of Lu (2010), which present a statistical analysis of clausal structure. In this perspective, Weinrich’s (2010) syntactic theory is used to explain the qualitative findings. The sample for the study comprises internationally published research articles with Pakistani 1st author publications. The articles are converted into a specialized corpus. There are 96 files or research articles included in the study. Examples of clauses are extracted using AntConc (3.5.9). The findings reveal that dominant complementation clauses are prevalent in Pakistani academic writing. The syntactic structure is often complex, which highlights the embedding of local languages. In academic discourse, language is strongly influenced by a multilingual perspective (Weinrich, 2010). Pakistani English is a highly contact language, and studying it is very significant from an academic writing perspective.
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29-41
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The Impact of AI-Assisted Learning Tools on Students’ Academic Writing Performance

Mushba Ishtiaq, Afshan Naseem, Gulnaz Akbar

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.336
This study explores how students' perceptions of AI-supported learning tools are related to their academic writing outcomes, and how responsible and ethical use of AI can directly predict these outcomes. The research design used was quantitative correlational research design. A sample of 204 undergraduate and postgraduate students from public and private universities in Pakistan was selected for collecting data using a structured questionnaire which was rated on a five-point Likert scale. The instrument assessed three constructs: AI-Assisted Writing Perceptions (AIWPS), Academic Writing Performance (AWPS), and Ethical and Responsible AI Writing Use (ERAIWUS). Pearson correlation and multiple regression of statistical analysis were performed. The findings showed that students' perceptions of the AI-assisted writing tools were positively correlated with the academic writing performance (r = .800, p < .001). There was also a strong positive correlation between ethical and responsible use of AI and academic writing performance (r = .503, p < .001). Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine if both variables explained a significant portion of the variance in academic writing performance. Both variables were found to be significant and together accounted for 64.9% of the academic writing performance variance (R² = .649, F(2, 201) = 185.82, p < .001). The study findings suggest that AI-powered learning tools can be successfully used to support students' academic writing abilities in an ethical and responsible way. The results underscore the need to foster responsible use of AI in the educational context to enhance the potential value of AI technologies and preserve academic integrity.
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42-56
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An Encoded Integration Framework of Risk Mitigation in E-Ticketing of Event Management - A Quantitative Exploration of Digital Intelligence, Predictive Analytics, and Event Safety Performance

Muhammad Sohaib Azmat, Muhammad Mujeeb, Muhammad Kashif, Naveed

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.344
As today’s events become more complex, there is a growing demand for effective risk management systems that can detect, forecast, and challenge potential disruptions. Traditional event risk analysis often relies on manually prescribed assessment techniques that may lack accuracy, speed, and flexibility in dynamic environments. Therefore, an Encoded Integration Framework (EIF) is proposed, integrating real-time monitoring systems with digital risk identification and predictive analytics to strengthen risk mitigation in e-ticketing management. Based on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) theory, Dynamic Capability Theory, and Information Processing Theory, the study examines the effect of technological integration on event safety and operational success. Using a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 300 event management professionals, including event planners, venue providers, vendors, and Ticketing Service Providers. A questionnaire with 20 measurement items and a 5-point Likert scale was used. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 29 through reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and mediation analysis. The results indicate that encoded risk identification systems, digital monitoring integration, and predictive risk analytics significantly improve e-ticketing risk management capability. Furthermore, enhanced risk management capability contributes to greater event safety and successful event performance. The mediation analysis shows that risk management capability plays a significant role in enhancing the effect of digital integration on event outcomes. The study proposes a technology-informed risk mitigation framework to support resilient, safe, and effective event organizations (Silvers & O'Toole, 2021; Vial, 2019).
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57-72
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Ideology and Cultural Bias in the Representation of Culture-Specific Words in English-Urdu Bilingual Dictionaries

Ambreen Bibi, Dr. Ali Ahmad

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.345
The current study investigates the ways in which culture-specific words have been represented in English-Urdu bilingual dictionaries and how the dictionary entry represents the cultural meaning. Language and culture are interconnected, and a large number of words have meanings that are embedded in social traditions, religious practices and values. These words may present problems of translation since they do not convey their true cultural context. The present study centers on the selected culture specific words extracted from two commonly used bilingual dictionaries, namely (1) Oxford English Urdu Dictionary (2) Rekhta English Urdu Dictionary. The study is a qualitative type of study. Data collection involves semi-structured interviews with students, teachers and bilingual dictionaries users who work with them on a regular basis for learning and translation. The participants' answers are analyzed using thematic analysis to detect themes on cultural representation, translation problems and the effectiveness of the dictionary. In conclusion, the results show that bilingual dictionaries do not adequately explain the cultural background of the words and mostly offer short or literal translations. This consequently leads to a miss-understanding of the emotional, religious and cultural interpretations of culture-specific expressions by users. The study underlines the significance of culturally sensitive lexicographic practices and suggests that the bilingual dictionary should contain context explanations, cultural notes and usage examples. This research will be helpful for translation studies, lexicography and cultural linguistics as it focuses on the role of bilingual dictionaries as linguistic tools and also as a bridge between cultures.
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73-82
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Presidents of The All-India Muslim League 1906-1947: An Assessment

Dr. Waheed Ullah Khan, Dr. Abdul Zahoor Khan

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.352
This research article provides an assessment of the permanent presidents of the All-India Muslim League (AIML) with special emphasis on their organizational leadership and political services during the period from 1906 to 1947. The main purpose of the study is to explore how various presidents of the League determined the direction of the party across diverse political contexts, fostered Muslim political consciousness, and played their role in advancing the Muslim political cause in pre-partition India. In this regard, the leadership and services of Sir Aga Khan, Raja Sahib Mahmudabad, A. K. Fazlul Haq, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sir Muhammad Shafi and others have been analyzed in detail. In order to highlight their educational, political, social and organizational capabilities, the study also encompasses brief biographies of these leaders. The research focuses on the political evolution of the AIML, its leadership challenges, intra-party differences and various phases of division and unity. Special attention has been given to the leadership of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who served as the League President twice for separate and extended periods. It examines his temporary separation from the League, his re-emergence on the Indian political scene, the strategies he adopted to foster Muslim unity, respond to the Congress and British policies, reorganize the AIML, and realize its political motives. It also explores Jinnah’s significant role in the Pakistan Movement. It is qualitative research and relies on both primary and secondary sources. The relevant collected data were evaluated through the content analysis method.
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83-96
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The Implication of Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act, 2022, on Domestic Violence Cases: A Critical Analysis of South Punjab

Rukhsana Mansha, Gulshan Ara, Dr. Madieha Akram

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.346
The main objective of this study was to review the implications of the Punjab Protection of Women Against Domestic Violence Act 2022 on the cases of domestic violence in south Punjab. The study is based on several documented cases in three Women Protection Centers of Bahawalpur, Multan and Vehari to examine the provisions of the Act in the context of eight different forms of domestic violence: physical, psychological, economic, digital, property related, etc. The evaluation of the legal provisions of the Act and the socio-cultural factors influencing the implementation of the Act is done by two theories: Feminist Legal Theory and Social Norms Theory. The results show that the Act offers progressive measures, such as protection and residence orders, and financial measures, yet the measures issued and their implementation are greatly hindered by institutional weakness, irregularities in implementation and lack of legal awareness among the population, as well as patriarchal ideals in South Punjab. The study suggests a multi-tiered strategy for seeking meaningful protection of women, including coordination of institutions across sectors, mechanisms for economic empowerment for women, and consistent community-based measures that address gendered norms that foster and tolerate domestic violence.
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97-107
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School Leadership Support and Teacher Innovative Work Behaviour in Public Schools of Quetta: The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment (A PLS-SEM Study of Public-Sector Teachers in Balochistan, Pakistan)

Farzana Arbab, Dr. Abdul Rahim, Dr. Muhammad Usman Dar, Shagufta Ambreen, Mukhtar Bashir

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.355
The current study assessed the link between school leadership support and innovative work behaviour among teachers in public schools in Quetta, Balochistan, and determined whether psychological empowerment mediates this relationship. Based on the social cognitive theory and Spreitzer's cognitive framework of workplace empowerment, an exploratory survey was conducted among 200 teachers randomly selected from public schools in Quetta district. School leadership support was assessed with DiPaola's Principal Support Scale; teachers' innovative work behaviour was captured with Janssen's Innovative Work Behaviour Scale; and psychological empowerment was assessed through Spreitzer's four-dimensional Psychological Empowerment Scale. The results from the PLS-SEM analysis in SmartPLS indicated a satisfactory measurement model, with acceptable internal consistency and construct validity. Indicator loadings exceeded .70; composite reliability ranged from .914 to .936 and AVE from .541 to .591, while both the Fornell-Larcker assessment and HTMT results confirmed discriminant validity. The structural results accounted for 20.8% of psychological empowerment and 32.2% of innovative work behaviour. School leadership support significantly predicted psychological empowerment (β = .456, p < .001) and, in turn, directly predicted innovative work behaviour (β = .177, p < .01), while psychological empowerment also significantly predicted innovative work behaviour (β = .465, p < .001). Bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples produced a significant indirect effect (β = .212, 95% CI [.144, .300]), indicating partial mediation by psychological empowerment (VAF = 54.5%).
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108-120
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Living With Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Without Formal Therapy: A Qualitative Exploration of Self-Management and Lifestyle Adaptations Among Adults in Pakistan

Arooj Ashraf, Eman Farooq Awan, Eman Abid, Aftab Khan Khattak

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.356
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic, potentially incapacitating disorder with intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions that hinder psychological well-being and daily functioning. Although treatments based on empirical evidence exist, some people are unable to undergo or fail to carry on with professional psychotherapy, thus devising their own ways of dealing with symptoms. The extent of qualitative research into the experience of adults suffering from OCD in Pakistan is rather limited. The present study investigates the self-management techniques and lifestyle adjustments of adults with mild to moderate OCD who do not have access to professional psycho-therapy. The phenomenological approach was chosen for the study, and the data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with 12 adults aged 19-40 years of age. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. Three main themes have been identified: the challenges of living with OCD, self-management of OCD, and life Adaptation. The findings highlight how adults may negotiate OCD symptoms through individualized coping strategies, daily routines, and interpersonal support. However, the study does not establish the clinical effectiveness of these strategies. The findings provide culturally situated insight into lived experiences of OCD management and identify areas for future research and culturally responsive clinical support.
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121-129
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The Role of Metamodern Dispositions in Environmental Resolution: An Ecocritical Analysis of the Series Reacher

Junaid Ahmed Khattak, Dr. Sadia Siddiq

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.358
Environmental decline poses a growing threat to the sustainability of life worldwide. Within the metamodern framework, popular media plays a significant role in shaping and reflecting discourses on environmental issues. Reacher is one of the famous drama series based on Lee Child’s novel, exploring themes of mystery, thriller, and suspense. It also explores the theme of environmental degradation in the metamodern era. While previous research has examined the series through the lens of individual agency, there is limited research analyzing it through frameworks of metamodernism and ecocriticism. Thereby, using Catherine Belsey’s method of textual analysis under the broader umbrella of metamodernism and ecocriticism, the current study aims to qualitatively examine the interaction of ecocriticism with metamodernism by exploring the role of metamodernist dispositions of the protagonist towards resolution of environmental issues in the series Jack Reacher. The findings of this study suggest that the interaction of metamodernism with ecocriticism occurs through the protagonist’s emotional ambivalence and pragmatic idealism in response to toxic discourse and environmental injustice, ultimately promoting environmental conservation and ecological responsibility. This gives rise to a new ecocritical perspective termed “Metamodern Ecocriticism”.
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130-143
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Translanguaging, Classroom Participation, and Linguistic Power in Undergraduate ESL Education: Student and Teacher Evidence from Lahore, Pakistan

Marzzia Fatima, Prof. Dr. Arshad Ali Khan

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.362
This study investigates translanguaging as a pedagogical and sociolinguistic resource for changing participation and power relations in undergraduate English as a Second Language classrooms in Lahore, Pakistan. In multilingual classes, a mixed-method intervention was carried out over 12–16 weeks, with regular access to Urdu, Punjabi and English. This article reports on the post-intervention perception and the classroom-power strand, using questionnaires and open-ended responses from 63 students and 63 teachers, supported by observations and interviews. Descriptive statistics were re-calculated from raw frequencies and qualitative responses were thematically coded. The highest levels of student agreement were recorded for clearer expression of ideas (93.7%), comfort in bilingual classroom use (88.9%), retention of cultural identity (87.3%), and challenging English dominance (85.7%). Teachers strongly agreed that translanguaging empowered students (93.7%), created a more inquisitive environment (87.3%), encouraged participation (85.7%), and broke down language-based hierarchy (82.5%). Qualitative findings also suggested risks of less practice with English, uneven proficiency, and expectations from institutions for English only. The study concludes that planned translanguaging can democratize access and reallocate classroom authority when it has sustained English output, explicit teacher preparation and flexible language policy.
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144-158
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Critical Success Factors in Organizing International Sports Events: A Resource-Based View and Strategic Framework

Sumaira Zahoor, Sadia Abdul Khaliq, Muhammad Farhan Tabassum

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.371
Major sporting events such as the Olympics, FIFA World Cup and Commonwealth Games are growing in importance as sites of national pride, economic growth and infrastructure renewal. However, they are notoriously difficult to plan and deliver, producing a mix of unreliable legacy outcomes, wasteful spending and financial risk. This work synthesizes the scholarly literature on the key success factors (CSFs) connected with the organization of international sporting events using the Resource-Based View (RBV) as the primary theoretical lens. The work is heavily based on the systematic review by Chutiphongdech and Kampitak (2022) who reviewed 42 peer-reviewed studies and screened 1,050 records from Scopus and Web of Science to identify organizational, human, financial, physical, and reputational resources needed for the success of an event. This review contributes to the evidence base by offering illustrative cases, a critical appraisal of the limits of the RBV framework and a proposed strategic framework. The host nations and its event stakeholders, especially those in the Global South, form the target audience and are seeking strategies to organize and conduct high impact, sustainable events. The paper concludes that event results are shaped by a mix of intangible resources (reputation, stakeholder trust, organizational capability), tangible resources (venues, volunteers, financing) and external policy contexts. It also points to the need for more research on qualitative approaches, small and medium scale events and underrepresented places, such as sub-Saharan Africa.
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159-167
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Beyond Bipolarity: China-US Competition and Asymmetric Multipolarity in the Middle East

Tallat Yasmin, Dr. Ghulam Mustafa

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.372
This study asks why expanding Chinese influence in the Middle East has not produced either American strategic displacement or a stable bipolar order. Drawing on Regional Security Complex Theory, documentary analysis and eight expert interviews, the article develops asymmetric multipolarity: a regional order in which several external and regional actors are consequential, but their capabilities and functions are distributed unevenly across security, economic, technological and diplomatic domains. A structured comparison of Saudi Arabia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates identifies three responses. Saudi Arabia pursues dual-track diversification, retaining US defence dependence while expanding Chinese energy and infrastructure ties. The UAE employs functional compartmentalization but faces sharper constraints where artificial intelligence, cloud infrastructure and export controls connect economics with national security. Iran’s China relationship is better understood as sanctions-constrained alignment because confrontation with Washington narrows its alternatives. Across the cases, the United States remains the principal provider of deterrence, interoperability and maritime security, whereas China is a major trade, energy, infrastructure and technology partner without assuming equivalent security burdens. The article separates polarity from sectoral influence and shows that regional agency mediates great power rivalry without eliminating structural dependence. The Middle East is therefore moving neither towards Chinese hegemony nor simple bipolarity, but towards a differentiated order of competitive coexistence.
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168-185
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Reshaping the Geopolitics of the Middle East: An Analysis of the Abraham Accords

Ayesha Farooq, Dr. Ali Shan Shah, Dr. Mian Muhammad Azhar

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.353
The Abraham Accords, signed in September 2020, marked the first major normalization of relations between Israel and four Arab states, namely the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco more than twenty-five years ago. This research aims at studying the effects of these agreements on geopolitics in the Middle East region over the first five years since their signing, 2020-2025, against the backdrop of the long-lasting war in Gaza and the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024. Such aspects as the effect on trade and investment, security cooperation in order to prevent any Iranian interference, the effect of the Gaza war on the support of states and the population, and the possibility of extension of the accords to Saudi Arabia and post-Assad Syria are examined. Qualitative research method is used in accordance with the comparative and thematic analysis of official documents, trade statistics, defense agreements, public opinion polls, and policy reports. The results indicate remarkable success at the governmental level: trade UAE-Israel has amounted to $3.2 billion in 2024, Morocco has bought significant amounts of arms from Israel. Nevertheless, there was a massive decline in popular support, and the approval rate for Morocco fell from thirty-one percent in 2021 to thirteen percent in 2024. In sum, the study shows that while there has been an actual construction of economic and security interdependence among states, for true change to take place at the regional level, more states need to be involved, and more needs to be done about the Palestinian question to close the widening gap between pragmatism and popular sentiment.
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186-199
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The Role of School Administrators in Promoting Ethical Practices through Moral Audits in Public Secondary Schools of Southern Punjab

Muhammad Asghar, Dr. Mehlah Jabeen

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.333
Routine school monitoring can confirm whether registers are complete and personnel are present, but it may reveal little about the fairness of decisions, the safety of complaint mechanisms, or whether corrective action changes conduct. This study examines how administrators understand the transition from compliance inspection to moral audit in public secondary schools in Southern Punjab. The qualitative strand comprised semi-structured interviews with 66 administrators: three chief executive officers, three district education officers, and 60 school heads. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke (2006, 2021). Four themes were developed: ethical leadership as operational stewardship; limitations of compliance-centred monitoring; sociocultural negotiation and unequal voice; and a three-level, learning-oriented architecture for moral audit. The analysis conceptualises moral audit as a structured governance process that establishes ethical standards, triangulates documentary and experiential evidence, protects confidential reporting, provides remedies, and verifies change. Administrators reported that their role was important but constrained: they could explain and document fair decisions, yet lacked effective assessment instruments and follow-up mechanisms, while fragmented responsibilities and informal influence weakened accountability. The findings indicate that adding ethical indicators to existing inspection processes is insufficient unless protected reporting channels, clear case ownership, context-responsive criteria, and independent verification are also established. Accordingly, the study proposes a practical division of responsibility across school, district, and system levels. It offers a context-sensitive account of moral auditing as a process of accountability and organisational learning rather than a punitive checklist.
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200-216
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Teachers' Personality and English Learning Motivation: The Mediating Roles of Classroom Environment and Teachers Students Relationship

Shaista Khizer, Dr. Umar Ali Khan, Dr. Mazhar Gul, Dr. Faiz Ul Hassan Shah

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.331
Personality traits of teachers are significant variables in influencing students' motivation to learn English, but the processes in the classroom by which this influence may be exerted are not fully understood, especially in a developing country setting. In order to explore this, the present study seeks to find out if these two classroom-level factors account for the influence of teachers' personality traits on English learning motivation among the female secondary school students of the government schools in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. A quantitative, cross sectional, descriptive correlational research design was used, with the data collected from 365 Grade 9 and 10 students. The data were gathered using a structured 5 point Likert scale questionnaire concerning the personality traits of the teachers, classroom environment, teacher-student relationship and the students' motivation in learning English. The causal-steps approach was used to examine mediation via regression-based analysis and bootstrapped indirect-effect estimates (5,000 resamples). The findings revealed both classroom environment and teacher student relationship significantly and partially mediated the relationship between teachers' personality and students' motivation. Classroom environment showed the stronger indirect effect, among the two mediators. This is the case for the two mediators; the motivational influence of teachers' personality was more strongly conveyed through the learning climate that is established in the classroom than through interpersonal relationships. The present results expand the Self-Determination Theory by showing that teachers' personal qualities affect students' motivation in several different ways in the classroom, not just directly. The study emphasizes the need for class environments that encourage positive teacher–student relationships as well as supportive classroom environments.
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217-229
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Resource Rents, Institutional Quality, and Credit Market Depth

Dr. Muhammad Kashif Ali

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.380
The purpose of this paper is to examine if institutional quality moderates the relationship between hydrocarbon resource dependence and financial market development, which is at the crossroads of energy economics and financial intermediation theory. Using combined oil and natural gas rents as a percentage of GDP and the World Bank measure of institutional quality (the Rule of Law index), the paper examines their interactions with two measures of financial market development (stock market capitalization and bank credit to the private sector) in a cross-section of 64 countries. A significant interaction effect is not obtained for the stock market capitalization measure, but does exist for bank credit to the private sector, where rule of law is a very strong direct predictor of credit depth (p < .001), and where the interaction effect is also significant and positively signed (p = .013, R² = .541, N = 35), suggesting that, controlling for resource level, economies with more robust rule of law institutions experience measurably deeper bank credit markets than those with less robust rule of law institutions. The paper explains the contrast between the two financial development outcomes in the sample by invoking the literature on the bank-based versus market-based financial structure, pointing out that, for this sample, the conditional resource curse works primarily through the credit channel rather than public equity markets, and considers implications for economies that would like to harness their resource wealth for long-term financial development.
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230-245
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History, Policy‑Based Directions for Secondary Teacher Training Programs in Sindh Government Institutions

Asma Bhatti, Dr. Abida Siddiqui, Abdul Haque, Sumera Khan, Shahar Bano

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.374
This study attempts to explore the policy direction, institutional structure, and gaps in the implementation of secondary school teacher training in government schools in the province of Sindh, in a historical perspective. The present study is a secondary qualitative research study that uses document analysis and thematic content analysis of selected education policies, government reports, institutional records, and scholarly literature from 1947 to 2017, and Wood's Dispatch of 1854 as historical background. Some of the key policy documents are the National Education Conference 1947, the Education Commission 1959, National Education Policy 2009, National Professional Standards for Teachers 2009, Minimum Standards for Quality Education in Pakistan 2017, National Curriculum Framework 2017, and Draft National Education Policy 2017. The analysis indicates the gradual growth of teacher training institutions from colonial-era normal schools to diversified teacher training institutions such as PITE, STEDA, and Government teacher Training institutes in Sindh. Results show an increase in institutional presence, course diversity, teacher licensing, teacher standards, and professional development. It suggests more robust implementation of policy, harmonization of curricula, institutional capacity enhancement, hands-on training in schools, better licensing systems, and better linkages with federal and provincial agencies.
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246-267
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Interplay of Media Platforms on Drug-related Perceptions and Behavioral Practices among Generation Z in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study

Dr. Noreena Kausar, Amna Khalid Qazi, Wania Habib

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.378
The present study investigates the influence of media on Generation Z's perceptions of drug use in Pakistan. It analyzes the impact of print media, social media, TV channels, and outdoor advertisements on their substance use behaviors. With rising concerns over drug use among Gen Z, understanding the media's role is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies. To conduct the study, a qualitative research design was utilized. Semi-structured interviews were held with 20 drug users from Generation Z, aged 18 to 28, in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Participants, ten males and ten females, were chosen through purposive sampling. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. Key patterns and interpretations were identified. Findings identified four major influences: (1) entertainment media either normalized or glamorized the drug use, (2) social media has emerged as the powerful source for the trend setting, peer influence and repeated exposure, (3) news channels and print media has intensified the fear and stigma through sensational reporting, (4) outdoor advertising had indirectly reinforced the risk-oriented lifestyles of gen Z. Participants illustrated experiencing desensitization, internal conflict, curiosity, and ambivalence due to mixed media messages. They expressed a strong desire for youth-oriented, realistic, and non-judgmental preventive content. The media significantly influences young adults' perceptions of substance use in Pakistan through social norms and emotional responses. The study emphasizes the need for culturally relevant, evidence-based prevention strategies across digital and non-digital platforms, enhancing youth media literacy and promoting responsible media portrayals. These insights can guide policymakers, media stakeholders, and educators in developing effective community interventions and drug awareness campaigns.
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268-281
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Impact of Students’ Social Behavior on Their Academic Performance

Noshaba Nargis, Dr. Mirajud Din

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.379
Academic performance is often reduced to grades and test scores. Scholars emphasize that students' social behavior plays an important role in shaping their success in academic and practical life. This study set out to examine that relationship among secondary school students in the public schools of Dera Ghazi Khan Division, Punjab. Using a quantitative, correlational design, a structured questionnaire was administered to 384 students selected through multistage sampling from a population of over 33,000 learners across four districts. The instrument captured social behavior alongside indicators of academic performance such as study habits, motivation, and classroom engagement, with responses analyzed in SPSS. The results point to a clear pattern: students' social behavior correlates strongly with their academic performance (r = .778, p < .01), and regression analysis confirms that it is a meaningful predictor of achievement, accounting for roughly 60% of the variance (R² = .605, F = 584.730, p < .001). Demographic comparisons also revealed modest differences by gender, location, and guardians' occupation, with urban students and those from farming households showing somewhat stronger academic outcomes. Taken together, the findings suggest that factors of social behavior are not incidental to learning but central to it. The study recommends that schools actively cultivate a positive social climate through collaborative classroom activities. The study calls for future research to explore how factors like emotional intelligence and parental involvement interact with these dynamics.
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282-292
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Decoding the Interplay of Envy, Motivation, Self-Compassion, and Psychological Distress in the Modern Workplace

Samia Aslam, Dr. Shaheer Ameen, Dr. Nadeem Ahmed, Maria Maqsood

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.359
In contemporary working environments, competition and social comparison are rampant, resulting in envy being a significant organizational emotion in the good and bad uses. The objective of this study was to investigate relationship between envy with work motivation, self-compassion and psychological distress and to see difference among different gender, difference between organizations types and job sector among 300 employed adults in Sialkot, of having quantitative correlational design. The results showed that there were very important relationships between all study variables, suggesting that envy act as a motivational and psychological stress factor at once. Marked differences were also noted along demographic lines, especially in the case of the corporate workers who exhibited higher rates of envy and psychological distress along with higher levels of self-compassion. The results build on the positive organizational psychology research in two ways: First, they show the intricate relationship of envy and self-compassion in organizational functioning; and second, they illustrate the necessity of studying self-compassion as an important component to healthy competition and emotional coping within organizations, as well as the need for the inclusion of positive organizational interventions to foster both emotional well-being and individual functioning in organizations.
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293-300
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From Social Exclusion to Digital Deviance: A Conditional Process Model of Emotional Exhaustion and Work Engagement

Dr. Muhammad Faisal Kamal, Dr. Muhammad Mudassar Abbasi, Dr. Abdul Ghafoor

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.398
The increased use of smartphones and internet-enabled technologies in workplaces has amplified concerns about cyberloafing behavior, particularly in IT-based organizations. Drawing on the Conservation of Resources theory, this study examines the relationship between workplace ostracism and cyberloafing among employees, specifically investigating the mediating role of emotional exhaustion and the moderating role of work engagement. Data were collected from 174 information technology (IT) professionals working in Pakistan through a survey-based research design. Hayes' PROCESS macro was employed to test the mediation and moderation effects, analyzing whether emotional exhaustion serves as a mechanism linking workplace ostracism to cyberloafing and whether work engagement weakens this relationship. The findings indicate that workplace ostracism is positively associated with cyberloafing behavior. Emotional exhaustion significantly mediates this relationship, suggesting that employees who experience social exclusion are more likely to engage in cyberloafing due to depleted emotional resources. Furthermore, work engagement moderates the relationship, such that the positive effect of workplace ostracism on cyberloafing is weaker among employees with higher levels of engagement. The study is based on cross-sectional data collected from IT professionals in Pakistan, which may limit causal inferences and the generalizability of findings to other industries and cultural contexts. The results highlight the importance of fostering inclusive workplace environments, reducing experiences of exclusion, managing emotional exhaustion, and strengthening work engagement to mitigate cyberloafing. This study extends the cyberloafing literature by integrating workplace ostracism, emotional exhaustion, and work engagement within a moderated mediation framework and offers evidence from a collectivist developing-country context characterized by rapid smartphone adoption.
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301-315
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Emotional Intelligence as a Mediator between Social Anxiety and Peer Pressure among Young Adults of Pakistan

Muhammad Afzal, Fayyaz Ahmed Anjum, Bibi Asma, Sami Ullah

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.405
Why does emotional intelligence protect some young people from social anxiety and peer pressure but not others, and does it work the same way in a culture built around family honor and group loyalty as it does in the Western samples where the construct was developed? This study explored that question among 200 Pakistani young adults (100 men, 100 women; 27% students, 73% employed) recruited from four cities using stratified quota sampling, each of whom completed self-report measures of emotional intelligence (EI), social anxiety, and susceptibility to peer pressure. As expected, EI was negatively related to social anxiety, r = -.324, p < .001, and social anxiety was in turn strongly related to peer-pressure vulnerability, r = .444, p < .001 - a pattern consistent with a partial mediation pathway running from EI through anxiety to conformity. What was not expected was a positive, not negative, correlation between EI and peer-pressure vulnerability itself, r = .227, p = .001. This is not considered to be noise but something that actually says something about the way life works within a collectivist society, where those who have the capacity to understand the expectations of the group are not necessarily those individuals that would resist conformity. The findings regarding gender followed a similar line of thought, where the level of EI was similar among men and women, t(198) = 0.57, p = .566, while women had higher levels of social anxiety, t(198) = 2.23, p = .022, and an almost significant gap with regard to peer pressure, t(198) = 1.93, p = .055. The occupation factor had an effect as well; students showed higher levels of social anxiety compared to employed people, but lower willingness to openly conform.
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316-329
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Role of Public Relations and Direct Marketing in Shaping Prescribing Behavior of Physicians

Dr. Madeeha Irshad, Asghar Iqbal, Kanwal Iftikhar

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.414
The prescribing behavior of physicians is one of the critical aspects in pharmaceutical industry that influence the use of pharmaceutical or healthcare products. The prescription behavior of physicians is influenced by a number of factors. The present study aims to identify the role of public relations and directing marketing in terms of affecting physicians’ attitude and their prescribing behavior. The study employed a cross-sectional approach to collect data from physicians in Pakistan using simple random sampling technique. SPSS and SMART PLS were utilized to analyze the data. The results showed that public relations had a significant impact on physicians’ attitude and prescribing behavior. On the other hand, direct marketing had an insignificant impact on physicians’ attitude and prescribing behavior. The study has important implications for both theory and practice.
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331-339
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Survey Tool Development for Assessing Peaceful School Climate

Afshan Huma, Gullfareen Fakhar

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-vii.445
This article is one of the outcomes of a larger study conducted over the period of one year to pilot the peace education training modules with elementary schools in Islamabad. Twenty schools were selected in rural and urban zones of Islamabad Capital Territory. The researchers visited each school for collecting quantitative and qualitative data. Initial purpose was to assess training needs and also for pilot testing of the survey tool. The survey tool was constructed on the place-based peace pedagogy framework developed by the primary investigator of this study; Afshan Huma, during her post-doctoral research. The tool was validated by panel of nine experts. 20 headteachers and 80 teachers participated as respondents in the pilot survey. Observations were made by the field researcher herself too. Triangulation and reliability check helped in finalizing the survey tool for peace pedagogy at elementary schools. This tool is now ready to be used in various parts of the country to be used before and after the training of school teachers and school heads. The tool provides rich data for parallel convergent design of mixed methods research as it generates data in qualitative and quantitative form simultaneously.
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340-348

Vol. 5 No. 7 (2026): Issue 7 (July Issue)

Articles

An Interplay of Academic Procrastination, Achievement Goals, and Personality Traits among Students: Evidence from South Punjab, Pakistan

After the Final Salute: A Qualitative Study of Coping among Military Retirees

Language Contact and Syntactic Complexity: A Corpus-Based Analysis of Clause Structure in Pakistani English Research Articles

The Impact of AI-Assisted Learning Tools on Students’ Academic Writing Performance

An Encoded Integration Framework of Risk Mitigation in E-Ticketing of Event Management - A Quantitative Exploration of Digital Intelligence, Predictive Analytics, and Event Safety Performance

Ideology and Cultural Bias in the Representation of Culture-Specific Words in English-Urdu Bilingual Dictionaries

Presidents of The All-India Muslim League 1906-1947: An Assessment

The Implication of Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act, 2022, on Domestic Violence Cases: A Critical Analysis of South Punjab

School Leadership Support and Teacher Innovative Work Behaviour in Public Schools of Quetta: The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment (A PLS-SEM Study of Public-Sector Teachers in Balochistan, Pakistan)

Living With Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Without Formal Therapy: A Qualitative Exploration of Self-Management and Lifestyle Adaptations Among Adults in Pakistan

The Role of Metamodern Dispositions in Environmental Resolution: An Ecocritical Analysis of the Series Reacher

Translanguaging, Classroom Participation, and Linguistic Power in Undergraduate ESL Education: Student and Teacher Evidence from Lahore, Pakistan

Critical Success Factors in Organizing International Sports Events: A Resource-Based View and Strategic Framework

Beyond Bipolarity: China-US Competition and Asymmetric Multipolarity in the Middle East

Reshaping the Geopolitics of the Middle East: An Analysis of the Abraham Accords

The Role of School Administrators in Promoting Ethical Practices through Moral Audits in Public Secondary Schools of Southern Punjab

Teachers' Personality and English Learning Motivation: The Mediating Roles of Classroom Environment and Teachers Students Relationship

Resource Rents, Institutional Quality, and Credit Market Depth

History, Policy‑Based Directions for Secondary Teacher Training Programs in Sindh Government Institutions

Interplay of Media Platforms on Drug-related Perceptions and Behavioral Practices among Generation Z in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study

Impact of Students’ Social Behavior on Their Academic Performance

Decoding the Interplay of Envy, Motivation, Self-Compassion, and Psychological Distress in the Modern Workplace

From Social Exclusion to Digital Deviance: A Conditional Process Model of Emotional Exhaustion and Work Engagement

Emotional Intelligence as a Mediator between Social Anxiety and Peer Pressure among Young Adults of Pakistan

Role of Public Relations and Direct Marketing in Shaping Prescribing Behavior of Physicians

Survey Tool Development for Assessing Peaceful School Climate

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