Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Issue 1 (January Issue)

Discipline: Social Sciences (Miscellaneous)

Published: 2026-01-30

Articles

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The Digital Payment–Expenditure Nexus: Examining Technology Readiness as a Boundary Condition in Bangladesh’s E-Commerce Sector

Md Munim Rahman, Sayeed Al Parvej, Minhaz Udddin Akbar, Anton Chernetsov, Altaf Hussain Pirzado

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.183
This study examines the impact of mobile payment adoption on online shopping spending in Bangladesh, as well as the moderating effect of technology readiness. The researchers employ a quantitative research design and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to investigate how user-friendliness, data security, and technology preparedness impact consumer behavior in the e-commerce industry. These findings reveal that mobile payment, ease of use, and data security are the most crucial variables in defining the increasing proportion of online shopping expenditure, with user-friendliness and data security taking the first positions. In addition, future technology preparedness has also been identified as a significant moderator that strengthens the correlation between the adoption of mobile payments and consumer spending. The results could provide valuable data to businesses and policymakers, and even the digital payment providers, by declaring the need to enhance the usefulness and security of mobile payment systems and promote technology readiness to drive consumer acceptance and spending rates. The results have theoretical and practical implications for the development of a digital finance ecosystem in developing markets.
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1-19
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Trapped in Tradition: Gender Norms and the Cost of Marital Survival for Women in Rural Punjab, Pakistan

Afzaal Afzal, Aysha Farooq Sulehria, Rizwana Yasmine, Muhammad Usama

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.185
In rural Punjab, Pakistan, deep rooted gender norms dictate all issues about women and determine their position in their marriage or in the society. These hard-and-fast rules continue to put women in an endless loop of inequality where they are trapped in the old transformations of the wife and mother thus causing their lack of self-determination to flourish. The unending stress of maintaining the marital stability is being paid at a very high price to their socio-emotional, psychological and physical health. This responsibility is further aggravated by societal expectations and the overwhelming patriarchal dominance in the family that women have to denounce their health, happiness and agency to uphold the family honour and keep up the facade of a happy marriage. This qualitative research investigates how traditional gender norms affect the survival of marriages among women in the rural Punjab in Pakistan in four districts namely Gujrat, Sargodha, Multan and D.G. Khan. The study, based on semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and participant observations, and document analysis, explores the roles of gender expectations, rituals, discrimination, and socioeconomic issues in marriage relationships. The results indicate that women are usually confined in unhealthy marriage because of the stigma attached to divorce, the influence of the society to keep the family honour, as well as the economic dependence. The research sheds light on a high emotional burden, illness, and lack of autonomy that women experience in Punjab countryside, which is aggravated by the lack of access to education, health, and family resources.
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20-30
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Role of Higher Education in Shaping Global Civic Consciousness: Perceptions of Rights and Duties Among University Students

Ghulam Zainab Sherazi, Dr. Asma Khizar, Dr. Muhammad Nadeem Anwar, Anoosha

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.196
The current study intends to analyse the global perceptions of civic consciousness regarding duties and rights among university students. The current study intends to analyse the global perceptions of civic consciousness regarding duties and rights among university students. All the undergraduate students of higher education were the overall population of the study. Research design employed a descriptive approach, and a survey was conducted to collect data. By using a multistage sampling technique, a sample of 350 students was selected. Self-developed questionnaire was validated through expert opinion. Reliability of the tool was ensured by having Cronbach’s Alpha value 0.851. The findings of the study reveal a weak positive correlation between civil duties and civil rights and a moderate correlation between political duties and political rights, social duties and social rights. It was recommended that universities implement education programs that focus on global citizenship, providing experimental learning through internship opportunities that explore the balance between rights and responsibilities.
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31-45
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Synergizing Eye Coordination and Agility in Mastering Badminton Skills

Nisha Riaz, Aqsa Shamim Ahmed

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.201
Badminton has a split-second world, where players have to be able to read the path the shuttle is taking, make accurate footwork, and instantly respond. Agility allows them to move around, to shift weight and reposition to quickly, whereas eye-hand coordination allows them to be within focus of the shuttle, anticipate the direction of its flight and be able to have their strokes lined up exactly. In as much as each skill is essential to the other, studies have revealed that when the skills are trained together, much better outcomes are achieved than in cases where they are trained individually. Combining agility drills with visual-motor activities greatly enhanced all tested skills, demonstrating that both quickness and visual coordination are essential for excelling in badminton performance. Eye-hand coordination also increased significantly (refer to Wall Toss Test, (mean difference = -2.85, p <.001) and Coin Catch Test, (mean change = 1.12 catches, p <.001; moderate effect size). Moreover, 100 percent of the respondents demonstrated improved agility and badminton-specific performance, which was indicated by the consistent increase in the Shuttle Run and Badminton-Specific Tests. The results are consistent with the finding of recent studies that have found that integrated training techniques, including wall-toss coordination games, agility ladders and visual stimulus training, and shuttle-run-perceptual training to be effective in improving visuomotor processing, reaction time, neuromuscular control, and perceptual-motor efficiency. In general, agility and eye-hand coordination training are crucial for producing elite badminton players, aiding coaches' methods.
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46-56
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The Interplay of Early Attachment Difficulties and Long-Term Substance Use: A Clinical Case Study

Laiba Tehreem, Farhan Hashmi, Syed Haider Tashfeen Bukhari

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.202
The current paper presents the case of a 33-year-old male, who was presented with the psychiatric day program because of constant anger, abusive behavior, social withdrawal, irritability, self-talk, self-laugh, auditory hallucinations, and lack of interest in daily activities. The clinical history showed that patient had substance use disorder, predominantly tobacco, with a current smoking of at least 10 cigarettes daily which had led to repeated and extended psychiatric hospitalization over a period of about 15 years. His clinical picture was in line with DSM-V TR criteria of Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder with hallucinations being the result of Tobacco Use Disorder which was determined according to the temporal interrelation of substance use and remission of some of the symptoms during supervised abstinence. Mental Status Examination, Behavioral Observation, Clinical Interview and Subjective Symptom Ratings were assessed, along with such formal measures as Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), Brief psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB), as moderate positive symptoms, significant negative symptoms, and significant general psychopathology with depressive characteristics were observed. The client had auditory hallucinations that expressed early attachments disruption and family relationships. The intervention involved the use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Cognitive Restructuring, Triple Column Technique, Thoughts Create Feelings, Graded Task, Mastery and Pleasure Techniques), Medication Adherence Interventions, Relaxation Techniques, and Psychoeducation of the client and his mother, including the overprotective and overbearing behaviors. After the intervention, the client improved significantly in general functioning, and psychotic symptoms, anger, and withdrawal had decreased.
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57-70
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Green Finance and Sustainable Development: International Evidence

Maimoona Waheed, Shoaib Ghulam, Rizwana Hayat, Kainat Shahid, Dr. Shahzad Hussain

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.186
The research investigates the relationship between green finance and sustainable industrialization based on 268 countries from the period 2001- 2024 via statistical regression models. The findings show the positively impact of green finance on sustainable industrialization. Overall, the findings confirm that green finance is a vital tool for promoting sustainable industrialization and supporting long-term sustainable development at the global level by aligning financial resources with environmental objectives. The findings provide valuable guidance for policymakers and financial institutions seeking to advance sustainable industrial development at the global level by supporting more informed policy formulation, stronger regulatory frameworks, and better-targeted investment choices that balance economic growth with environmental sustainability.
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71-80
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Confusion, Tension, and Transformation: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis of Learning Inclusive Education in Punjab’s Initial Teacher Education Programs

Dr. Tahira Batool Bokhari, Dr. Yaar Muhammad, Dr. Faisal Anis

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.204
This study examines inclusive education learning experience among pre-service teachers in initial teacher education in Punjab, Pakistan. It focuses on the meanings that the pre-service teachers construct on the basis of their learning experiences. Data were collected based on semi-structured interviews, which involved individual meetings with eight pre-service teachers who were registered in various teacher education institutions in Punjab. The interviews were transcribed through AI transcription tools and analysed through NVivo software with the AI-assisted coding option. The analysis led to four themes, which included overcoming conceptual confusion, overcoming practical unpreparedness, living in tension between policy and practice, and personal transformation. The findings indicate that there are quite notable discrepancies between the theoretical training and the working process, insufficient experience in the real classroom experiences of inclusion and in attitudes that lie very deep in the sociocultural assumptions. Some participants stated that they were not ready to pursue inclusive practices even after completing the coursework requirements. The findings serve to inform how initial teacher education programmes construct the ability of Pakistani pre-service teachers to create inclusive learning spaces.
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81-92
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A Comparative Study of the Strategic Culture of India and Pakistan and their Impacts on SAARC in South Asia

Zain Ul Abideen, Hina Qureshi, Farhan Abubakar

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.205
Culture, history and geography play a fundamental role in building perceptual framework of a state towards its enemies. These are the combined factors regarded as the constitutive elements of strategic culture. Diverse strategies are adopted by strategic thinkers to interpret, analyze and respond to strategic situations. It involves using force, building alliance or compromising to the demands of dominant powers. The preference for certain decisions and options in the face of crisis remains almost uniform. These peculiar choices remain a topic of significant exploration among regional and global security analysts. The strategic equation of India and Pakistan is complex and filled with the elements of mutual hostility, distrust along with traditional and non-traditional security threats. These threats develop a distinctive perceptual framework for each country. This unique approach mostly marked by skepticism and ill-will has been primarily remained major obstacle in making the SAARC successful. Indians see Pakistan as only south Asian country with the potential and desire to contest their regional hegemony, while Pakistanis see India as an eternal enemy and risk for its survival. The aim of this article is to explore the origin of strategic culture of both countries and how it has thwarted regional integration. The constituent elements of Strategic culture are analyzed in the qualitative research methodology with special emphasis on content analysis of documents for understanding and interpreting the narratives and discourses surrounding strategic culture. This research concludes that through strategic initiatives, institutional changes and policy changes, the dream of regional integration in South Asia can be materialized.
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93-103
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Dark Triad Traits and Attitudes toward Women Empowerment among Students

Dr. Noreena Kausar, Aiman Fayyaz, Maria Azam

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.206
The relationship between personality and social attitudes represents a significant component in understanding resistance to gender equality. This study examined how the Dark Triad personality traits (Machiavellianism, Narcissism, & Psychopathy) relate to attitudes toward women’s empowerment among university students located within Gujrat, Pakistan. The study used a cross-sectional survey design. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the sample size of 400 (53.5% Female, 46.5% Male) students from faculty of social sciences, University of Gujrat, Pakistan. Data were collected through the Short Dark Triad (Jones & Paulhus, 2013) and the Attitude toward Women Empowerment Scale (Shuja et al., 2020). The study performed a Pearson correlation and found a statistically significant negative correlation between Dark Triad traits and support for women’s empowerment (r = -.28, p < .01). The findings of multiple regression analysis highlighted that the Machiavellianism was a statistically significant (beta = -.30, p < .001) negative predictor of support for women’s empowerment. Narcissism and Psychopathy reached no statistical significance within multiple regression analysis. The study also found that males had a significantly higher score on the Dark Triad traits versus and also provided lower support for women’s empowerment than females (d = -.58). The findings of this study are framed in Social Role Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior, indicating that psychological inhibitions to gender parity are largely attributed to strategic
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104-111
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From Screens to Stocks How Finfluencer Opinions and Credibility Drive Investment Decisions in a Digital World

Komal Batool, Raisham Hayee, Aqeel Abbas

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.207
The fast development of online platforms has revolutionized the way investments decisions are made, especially among young investors who are becoming more and more dependent on financial influencers to provide them with information on different matters in the market. The paper will look at how finfluencer opinion and digitalization affect investment decision making and also seek to explore how finfluencer credibility relates to this effect. The quantitative research design was used to gather data on 260 millennial and generation Z investors in South Punjab, Pakistan, who are actively on online trading platforms and subscribe to at least one financial influencer on social media. Instead, a non-probability purposive sampling approach was utilized and the data were examined with Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) and the findings indicate that finfluencer opinion and digitalization have a positive significant influence on investment decisions, which demonstrates the increasing significance of digital content and influence information to the investor behavior. Nevertheless, the results show that the credibility of finfluencers does not have a significant moderate impact on relationships among finfluencer opinion and investment decision, as well as digitalization and investment decision. These findings indicate that finfluencers and online settings are very important in influencing investors, but credibility does not necessarily bolster these effects in the market setting examined. The research contributes to digital finance and influencer marketing literature by providing empirical data from a developing market. The results offer useful information to investors, policy makers, and financial content creators on digital platforms’ impact on investment behavior.
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112-124
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Development of an Indigenous Scale to Measure Age Discrimination among Elders

Dr. Saima Riaz, Umaira Hina, Syeda Afifa Nadeem, Mubashra Sami Dar

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.210
Present study was designed to develop an indigenous scale on old age discrimination for elderly. A 100-item pool was created. Items that were culturally appropriate were developed. Additionally, the earlier measures of discrimination based on age were examined. Moreover, eight elderly individuals above the age of fifty participated in semi-structured interviews After expert evaluation item pool was reduced to 70. In the tryout phase the same was administered on 366 elderly people from villages and communities in Gujrat, Pakistan. Exploratory factor analysis was applied that produced a six-factor solution for 70 elements using Principal Component Analysis and Varimax Orthogonal Rotation. Later on, Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a strong model fit for the last 20 items after 49 items were eliminated. The scale was named as Old Age Discrimination Scale for Elders (OADS-E). OADS-E has very good Cronbach's alpha reliability. Finally, a reliable and valid scale for assessment of old age discrimination in Pakistani culture was developed.
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125-134
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Board of Peace: Selective Engagement with Global Peace Mechanisms: Why India Resists International Peace Oversight in the Context of Kashmir: A Comparative Study with Gaza Strip

Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.211
This paper discusses the selective involvement of India in international peace processes in the Kashmir conflict as compared and contrasted to international accountability in Gaza Strip. The paper is titled Board of Peace: Selective Engagement with Global Peace Mechanisms and evaluates how India and other countries have resisted third-party mediation, monitoring, or institutional supervision in Kashmir even though the country is actively involved in global peacekeeping. The study places the Indian position in the context of sovereignty-focused diplomacy, postcolonial integration, and nationalism based on security. The three major arguments underpinning the reasons why India has consistently opposed external intervention, especially by the United Nations, are constitutional incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir, the issue of territory integrity, and strategic reasons pertaining to Pakistan. In contrast, the government of Gaza is marked by a wide multilateral involvement and humanitarian surveillance. The comparative analysis highlights the structural asymmetries in international peace processes, which indicates the non-alignment doctrine of India and the asymmetrical relation in Gaza. This paper adds to arguments about sovereignty, humanitarian responsibility and international governance.
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135-143
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Enhancing Conceptual Understanding of Chemical Industry through Flipped Instruction: A Quasi Experimental Study

Saima Fayaz, Humair Akhtar, Dr. Summaira Fayyaz, Kiran Fiaz

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.212
The paper examined how the flipped teaching method can be used to develop the conceptual knowledge among secondary school students studying the chemical industry. The objective of the research was to understand whether a flipped classroom method could be an effective way of enhancing the conceptual learning of students as opposed to conventional lecture-based teaching. Quasi-experimental research design was adopted in which a pre-test-post-test control group design was used. The research was carried out among high school learners taking chemistry. Two intact groups were then taken with one being the experimental group taught by use of flipped instruction and the other group being treated as the control group taught in a traditional way. Experimental group students watched instructional videos before class; in-class time focused on collaboration, problem-solving, and concept clarification. A tested conceptual understanding test was applied in the form of pre-test and post-test in order to gather the data. A statistical test was made on the differences between the groups in terms of appropriate inferential statistics. The findings indicated a statistically significant difference in the conceptual knowing of students exposed to flipped teaching and those taught using the traditional way of teaching. Flipped classroom increased student engagement, promoted active learning, and enhanced understanding of complex chemical industry concepts effectively. The results indicate that the technique of flipped instruction could be also effective as a pedagogical method to teach the complicated topics in chemistry. Digital tools and interactive lessons boost students' conceptual understanding and make science learning more meaningful.
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144-160
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India’s SSBNs: Deterrence or Risk, Regional and Beyond?

Murad Ali, Nawal Nawaz

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.214
The security architecture of South Asia is fundamentally different from that of the Cold War era. During the Cold War, the two competing powers, the U.S. and the USSR, were geographically distant from each other. This lack of proximity between their strategic centers reduced the chances of crisis instability, miscalculation, and escalation crisis. In contrast, South Asia’s geographic contiguity, particularly between India and Pakistan, places their strategic centers in close proximity, significantly increasing the risk of crisis instability. India’s sea-based deterrent poses serious concerns for the region for two main reasons. First, the independent command and control system of SSBNs raises the issue of pre-delegation, especially if communication between the SSBNs and political leadership on land breaks down during a crisis. In such a scenario, it is unclear whether the SSBNs’ autonomous command and control system would be capable of accurately interpreting the situation. Second, India’s SSBNs, armed with sea-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) with intercontinental ranges, not only trigger an arms race within South Asia but may escalate strategic competition beyond the region. This research paper tries to critically discuss India’s sea-based deterrence under the shadow of its touted no-first-use policy. India’s doctrinal shift from countervalue second strike to counterforce stance, considering its SSBNs development. Moreover, the ranges and capability of India’s SLBMs will be discussed through the lens of India’s pursuit of prestige, and global strategic ambitions.
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161-170
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Unravelling the Complexities of Reproductive Health Services Utilization: A Mixed-Method Analysis of Socio-Economic and Cultural Factors among Women in Sargodha, Pakistan

Bushra Syed Rasool, Dr. Yasir Nawaz Manj

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.216
In-depth understanding of sexual and reproductive health is vital for overall well-being. Sadly, many girls and women worldwide, especially those in impoverished nations, have limited or no access to reproductive health services. Numerous barriers exist, including restrictive policies, discrimination, stigma, and enduring cultural traditions, all of which impact reproductive health. This study was designed to thoroughly examine the socioeconomic and cultural factors influencing women’s reproductive health in rural Punjab, Pakistan. The research reviewed key social determinants of women’s reproductive health indicators, such as awareness of their reproductive health rights, access to healthcare within their cultural setting, education, employment, political and social participation, income, and employment awareness concerning reproductive health, as well as decision-making regarding fertility. Both theoretical and practical perspectives were explored to understand the link between socioeconomic and cultural factors and women’s reproductive health. The chi-square test was employed to analyze statistical significance and associations during data processing. The research primarily utilized a quantitative approach, with the descriptive survey method as the study design. Well-structured interviews were conducted to collect data from 384 respondents selected through a multistage sampling technique from rural Punjab. Findings indicated statistically significant differences in awareness, media exposure, education, literacy, profession, religion, working conditions, access to health centres, participation in political and social activities, poverty, and more. Results showed pronounced disparities among women, highlighting high illiteracy rates, minimal education attainment, lack of health facilities and transportation, limited social and political engagement, low awareness of health rights, restricted decision-making power, and early marriages.
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171-184
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Barriers to the Provision of Adequate Physical Facilities in Primary Schools of District Kotli

Dr. Muhammad Naqeeb Ul Khalil Shaheen, Hajira Naqeeb

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.217
The research study deals with the causes of insufficient physical facilities at the primary school level in District Kotli. The objectives of this study were to assess the need for physical facilities in primary schools of District Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and to identify the causes of insufficient physical facilities at the primary school level. The study was delimited to girls' primary schools in Tehsil Kotli, AJ&K. All primary school teachers and head teachers constituted the population of the study. A sample of 105 teachers from girls' primary schools was selected for the study. A five-point Likert scale was developed by the researcher to collect data from the sample. The questionnaire consisted of 24 items related to the need for physical facilities and the causes of their insufficiency at the primary school level. Data were collected personally by the researcher and analyzed using simple percentages and mean scores. The study revealed that large rooms for big classes, boundary walls, toilet facilities, and water facilities were needed in schools. Lack of sincere leadership, insufficient knowledge about the need for physical facilities, poor auditing management, and lack of community participation were identified as main causes of insufficient facilities. Insufficient primary school physical facilities stem from limited budgets, inadequate space, poor policy implementation, lack of government and community involvement, weak leadership, low awareness of facility needs, and inadequate auditing and management. The study recommends that the government increase funding to provide essential facilities and teaching and learning aids.
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185-195
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Kashmir: Seeds of Conflict and the Role of Lord Mountbatten

Mustafa Anwer, Prof. Dr. Jamil Ahmad Chitrali

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.213
The unresolved dispute over Kashmir between India and Pakistan continues driving regional instability and complicating diplomatic relations in South Asia. It transcends territorial dimensions onto water security, hybrid strategies and national identities. Kashmir conflict has attained a life of its own and its origins can be traced back to the creation of both countries in 1947. This article is aimed at understanding what was the role of last Viceroy of India Lord Mountbatten in the Kashmir crisis and why he acquiesced to the conflict? The study is based on the recollections of the individuals who played a part in the crisis when it was brewing, historical records and the work of historians and analysts who have written about it extensively. Study concludes that the role of Lord Mountbatten in the integration of princely states, during the concluding months of British rule in India, remained controversial - as he showed apparent favouritism towards India in several contested cases. Especially, in Kashmir where his approach was different than from other princely state cases, casting shadow on his neutrality. The rushed nature of the transfer of power and unresolved territorial issues particularly of Kashmir created enduring problems between India and Pakistan that continue to shape geopolitics of the South Asia till today.
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196-203
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The Evolution of Political Communication as an Academic Discipline: Media Infrastructures, War, and the Making of an Interdisciplinary Field

Dr. Muhammad Irfan, Dr. Sajjad Ali, Dr. Muhammad Jawed Aslam, Khayam Hassan

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.218
Political communication is becoming an interdisciplinary research field but somehow histories either diminish its evolution to a media-effects line or provide a disjointed catalogue of theories. The paper provides an evolutionary genealogy which reinvents political communication as a hybrid field of studies due to the transformation of media infrastructures, war, ideological conflict and the transformation of models of the citizen and of the public opinion. The discussion starts with Greek and Roman rhetoric as the initial theories of civic persuasion and then the non-Western traditions of symbolic governance to prevent being confined to a highly Eurocentric origin story. It is followed decade after decade, tracing the development of interwar propaganda research and the theory of the public opinion, wartime persuasion studies, Cold war press-system thinking and comparative agendas, the effects researches of the television, the sociology of news rooms, the agenda setting, framing and priming, and the subsequent mediatisation and the digital transformation as cumulative developments in the development of the field. The article posits that political communication has developed by the process of accretion as opposed to paradigm shift. Its long-standing definitional dispute is a product of structural interdisciplinarity, which is formed through the intersection of journalism studies, mass communication research, political science, sociology and behavioural and social psychology. Instead of putting forward a single definition of coherence in political communication, it suggests that the major concern of coherence in political communication is a recurrence of problem spaces of communication to legitimacy, power, and judgement of the people in the changing media environments.
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204-214
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Global Expectation and Local Pressures on Community Based Organizations in Access to Zero-Doze Parents as Polio Eradication Campaign in the Southern Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Anila Javed, Dr. Johar Ali

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.219
Polio Eradication Campaign is one of the identities on global stage along violence, conflicts and terrorism. Unfortunately, all these elements of identity when mapped get into one geographic locale for the “high risk” category i.e., Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Understanding these challenges as global in nature having local solutions, the world has shifted its approach to engage community-based organizations (CBOs) more and more to resolve the issues which has far reaching global impact. For the prevention programs in health management system especially in immunization campaigns, the world health organization (WHO, 2021) and UNICEF (2022) have learned through its interventions in Nigeria, India and Afghanistan that CBOs are the best platforms to engage parents, clergy and other relevant stakeholders for ensuring mass mobilization in the campaign for polio eradication from Pakistan with focus on Southern Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa designated as high risk area. An academic study conducted on this intervention called Integrated Service Delivery (ISD) explores how the office bearers of these CBOs in both districts namely Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan are over-burdened by the expectations both from the government and its international counterparts as well as the local communities, whom they claim to represent. The study is qualitative in nature with basic questions analysed for quantitative inference retrieved from segments namely parents, community elders, lady health workers, SRSP representatives and district health management through google form for in-depth interview administered by the researcher and focus group discussions with each stakeholder as homogeneous group in both districts separately.
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215-226
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Digital Preference and Lexical Learning: Exploring University Students’ Shift from Print to Online Dictionaries in Pakistan

Laiba Azhar, Dr. Ali Ahmad

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.215
This paper will explore how online dictionaries have become very popular among Pakistani university students as compared to the use of print dictionaries and how this has affected vocabulary development. It explores the pattern of dictionary use among the students, why they use digital dictionaries, and implications pertaining to the pedagogy of English language learning. It was composed of a mixed-methods design and quantitative data was obtained through a structured questionnaire to BS English students in COMSATS University, Vehari Campus and qualitative data was obtained through semi-structured interviews. Findings have shown that most students find online dictionaries more convenient, faster, portable, and with multimedia aspects like audio pronunciation and sample sentences. Online dictionaries have been discovered to be helpful in improving reading fluency, pronunciation, motivation, and independent learning. The difficulties were excessive reliance on direct translations, superficial processing of vocabulary as well as technical difficulties. The results concur with the Technology Acceptance Model, Constructivist Learning Theory and Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning. The research concludes that online dictionaries are useful in the learning of vocabulary, but pedagogical support and training is required in an effort to achieve better lexical and contextual retention.
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227-256
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Investigating the Effects of Cyberbullying on Mental Health Among Pakistani Adolescents

Dr. Lubna Ahmad Memon, Dr. Parvasha Memon

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.221
The research areas explored in this study are the impact of cyberbullying on mental health in Pakistani adolescents, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. Due to the high growth in the use of social media, cyberbullying has become a major psychological issue especially to the adolescents who interact with social media extensively. The research design of the study is quantitative research and the study is carried out in Karachi, Pakistan. The sample size of 200 adolescents aged between 13 and 19 years is picked through a convenience sampling method. The questionnaire is a structured questionnaire, which is based on a Likert scale, and it measures cyberbullying exposure and mental health outcomes levels. The use of SPSS to analyze relationships between variables is done through descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The results show that cyber bullying positively affects anxiety and depression but negatively affects self-esteem. All the three hypotheses are accepted, which means that the greater the exposure to cyberbullying, the greater the psychological distress and low self-worth rates of adolescents. The findings underscore the fact that cyberbullying is a social problem, but it is also a severe risk factor in mental health. Teenagers who are victims of cyber bullying suffer emotional imbalance, shyness and isolation and this can influence their development. The study highlights the importance of awareness, early intervention and enabling environments. In order to curb cyberbullying and to enhance adolescent mental health in a more digital society, parents, educators, and policymakers should collaborate to find solutions.
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257-269
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Self-Efficacy and Job Satisfaction among School Teachers: The Mediating Effect of Perceived Administrative Support

Uzma Ambreen, Sara Komal, Shah Jahan Ashraf, Arjmand Naz, Saima Ashraf

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.223
The present study aimed to assess the mediating role of perceived administrative support between self-efficacy and job satisfaction among school teachers in Pakistan. The study adopted a cross-sectional correlational design and used a purposive sampling technique to collect data from Lahore, Islamabad, and Sahiwal in Pakistan. Standardized questionnaires were used for data collection, and IBM SPSS version 26 was used for analysis. Findings revealed significant relationships among the study variables. However, perceived administrative support partially mediated the association between self-efficacy and job satisfaction. The study highlights important implications for enhancing teachers’ self-efficacy and administrative support to improve job satisfaction.
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270-279
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Impact of Leadership on Job Satisfaction and Employee Commitment

Kashif Shakoor

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.224
This study examines the impact of leadership, focusing on transformational leadership and effective leadership styles, on job satisfaction and commitment of employees. Given the increasing awareness about the importance of leadership on organizational results, this research aims to investigate how different leadership styles relate to employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment. SEM-PLS was used to test hypotheses with the help of data collected from 300 respondents. The findings suggests that transformational leadership, with its focus on motivation, individual support and intellectual stimulation, contributes to a climate of support that greatly influences job satisfaction. When employees are inspired by transformational leaders, they have a greater emotional affirmation of their work and the organization. This emotional bond, in return, leads to greater organizational commitment, job performance and less turnover intentions. In addition, the research suggests job satisfaction as a mediator in the relationship between leadership styles and employee commitment, and in turn, emphasizes its importance in reinforcing the relationship between leadership and organizational outcomes. Extending the 300 Social Exchange Theory, this study underlines the bilateral nature of leadership exchange, in which the benefits that leaders give such as support, recognition, and empowerment are given back by employees with increased satisfaction and commitment. The results indicate that the most successful leadership behaviors should be addressed by organizations to enhance job satisfaction and reduce turnover intent. This research suggests that organizations looking to create a committed and motivated workforce should better understand how leadership impacts employee behavior.
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280-299
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Impact of AI-assisted Medication Dosing on Adherence, Cognition, and Treatment Perception in Elderly Patients

Abiha Zainab, Qurat-ul-Ain Zia, Walija Maryum, Hunaina Nadeem, Fiza Iman

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.226
The focus of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an AI-assisted medication dosing system in improving medication compliance, cognitive function related to medication management, and treatment perception among elderly patients. 80 elderly patients undergo a quantitative, quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design, who received AI-guided dosing recommendations with clinician oversight for 12 weeks. Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) is used to assess medication adherence, cognitive performance using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Structured Technology Acceptance Questionnaire is used for treatment perception. Pre- and post-intervention scores were compared by using paired sample t-tests and Pearson’s correlation analysis inspects relationships among study variables. The results showed a substantial increase in compliance and therapeutic adherence (pre-intervention mean = 5.42 ± 1.21; post-intervention mean = 7.13 ± 0.96; t = 8.74, p < 0.001), cognitive function (pre-intervention mean = 24.18 ± 2.64; post-intervention mean = 26.03 ± 2.31; t = 6.11, p < 0.001), and treatment evaluation (pre-intervention mean = 3.01 ± 0.54; post-intervention mean = 4.21 ± 0.47; t = 10.38, p < 0.001). Important positive interrelations were observed between adherence and cognitive performance (r = 0.58, p < 0.001), adherence and treatment perspective (r = 0.66, p < 0.001), and cognitive function and treatment performances (r = 0.49, p < 0.001). The conclusion illustrated that AI-assisted medication dosing significantly enhances adherence, cognitive ability for medication management, and patient acceptance, supporting its amalgamation into geriatric pharmacotherapy to enhance its clinical efficacy
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300-309
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Empowering Marginalized Voices: The Transformative Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Advancing Women's Political Empowerment

Salman Yahya Mian, Dr. Akhtar Ali, Dr. Imran

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.222
Women’s political empowerment is considered an essential element of sustainable development. This study examines the transformative role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in advancing women’s political empowerment in District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A quantitative research design was employed, with primary data collected from 270 respondents selected through random sampling from three Union Councils, i.e., Bahrain, Madyan, and Tirat. Proportional allocation ensured representative sampling. Data were gathered using a structured interview schedule based on a three-point Likert scale and analyzed through SPSS using the Chi-square test to examine associations between variables. The findings reveal that NGOs significantly contribute to enhancing women’s decision-making power, political awareness, and participation in public forums. A majority of respondents acknowledged the role of NGOs in organizing training workshops, preparing women for public engagement, and advocating for increased parliamentary representation. However, limited encouragement for women to contest elections highlights persistent socio-cultural barriers. The Chi-square results indicate a highly significant relationship (P=0.000) between NGO interventions and women’s political empowerment. Overall, NGOs emerge as key agents in fostering political inclusion, capacity building, and gender equality. The study concludes that strengthening NGO initiatives can further enhance women’s political participation and leadership, ultimately contributing to democratic development and social transformation in the region, consistent with broader findings on women’s empowerment in Pakistan. It is recommended that NGOs should boost women's elections participation, political training, government collaboration, anti-barrier campaigns, and funding to enhance empowerment.
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310-319
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Brand Defaming and Identity in Digital Society: A Semiotic Analysis of Temu Memes

Naheed Ashfaq Qureshi, Syeda Faiza Babar, Sadia Noreen

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.225
Memes, as symbolic media, are a multifaceted form of communication, spanning from entertainment and humor to social commentary and persuasive influence on their audience, ultimately shaping the digital culture. Recently, Temu, an online shopping platform, has expanded massively in Pakistan. The paper explores the impact of Temu memes in shaping digital culture by hypothetically defaming the platform’s brand identity. Drawing on van Dijk’s mental model theory (1983) the study investigates the impact of Temu memes on consumer behavior and their contribution to brand defamation. This qualitative research employs a descriptive method; 10 popular memes (both English and Urdu) have been selected for analysis. The findings reveal that Temu memes are a source of relatability among their audience and contribute significantly to social knowledge. In addition, as a means of self-expression, Temu memes not only serve the purpose of humor and entertainment but also foster a sense of skepticism surrounding the platform's brand reputation. Future researchers aiming to study the broader impact of social media on consumer culture can benefit from the study.
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320-335
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From Training to Trust: Examining How Green HR Practices Enhance Corporate Authenticity Under Greenwashing Pressures

Dr. Syeda Quratulain Kazmi, Dr. Sofia Bano, Dr. Ume Amen

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.227
This study examines how Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) activities, namely green employee training, can increase organizational authenticity during a period when greenwashing has become a worldwide issue. Based on the Ability-Motivation- Opportunity (AMO) and Signaling theories, the study focuses on determining the impacts of green employee training on the employees in terms of their environmental knowledge, skills, and perceptions regarding alignment of messages between internal practices and external communication. Based on the findings of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the data obtained on the employees working in medium and large-scale organizations in Pakistan, the corresponding results indicated that the green employee training has a significant positive effect on green competencies and message alignment, which subsequently enhances perceptions of authenticity. The mediation of message alignment was especially high, which has to be taken into consideration when referring to the inconsistency in corporate activities and sustainability assertions. Remarkably, perceived greenwashing did not affect the positive effect of training on authenticity to a significant extent, which indicates that credibility and competence-based sustainability efforts may maintain credibility even in the face of distrust. On the whole, the study highlights that true sustainability starts within the organization, through empowered, knowledgeable, and aligned employees who embody environmental values in their day-to-day work.
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336-346
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Teachers at the Intersection of Artificial Intelligence and Pedagogy: Exploring AI–Enhanced Teaching Practices in Secondary Education

Dr. Mahnaz Iqbal Yousafzai, Dr. Fouzia Ajmal

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.229
Artificial intelligence is gradually shifting education by assisting teachers in enhancing teaching for each student, modifying their pedagogical approaches, and achieving better classroom results. This qualitative study explored how secondary school instructors deal with the nexus between pedagogy and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in modern classrooms. Teachers are gradually using AI tools like Chat-GPT and Gamma to improve teaching methods, personalize learning, and nurture student engagement since they are at a critical crossroads. The study, grounded in an interpretivist paradigm, used a phenomenological design to record secondary school teachers' actual experiences. Five teachers were interviewed through semi-structured interviews using a strata purposive sampling technique in a few chosen secondary schools in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The results showed that teachers saw AI as both a challenge and an opportunity. Improved educational effectiveness, changing teacher roles, ethical issues, and the requirement for professional training are some of the major themes. While lesson planning, evaluation, and differentiated instruction are all aided by AI tools, instructors are concerned about over-reliance and the possible deterioration of students' critical thinking abilities. The results offer beneficial effects in teacher AI–technological, pedagogical, content, integrated knowledge in subject contexts, and teachers' ethical AI considerations for policymakers, educators, and curriculum designers, and add to the expanding conversation on AI in education, especially in developing environments.
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347-357
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Election 2026: Public Expectations, Electoral Transparency, and Political Preferences in Gilgit-Baltistan

Muhammad Raza, Muhammad Junaid, Shakir Hussain, Ijlal Haider

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.230
This study explores public perceptions, electoral expectations, political preferences, and attitudes toward transparency and representation ahead of Gilgit-Baltistan's elections. It aims to understand how citizens view electoral transparency, federal influence, indigenous representation, and voting behavior in this unique context. Using a quantitative cross-sectional survey via Google Forms, data from 314 respondents across various districts were analyzed with SPSS. Results show moderate to high electoral excitement and participation but low confidence in transparency and fairness. Public perception indicates strong federal influence on electoral outcomes and support for indigenous representation and local leadership, reflecting regional awareness. Candidate traits like personality, reputation, and promises influenced voting more than party affiliation. The study adds empirical insights into electoral politics and democratic views in Gilgit-Baltistan, underscoring the need for greater transparency, institutional credibility, local representation, and development to enhance democratic trust and legitimacy.
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358-380
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Use of Instructional Technologies for Building Classroom Environments by Prospective Teachers

Sadaf Sheraz, Dr. M. Imran Yousuf, Shahida Yousaf, Irfan Mahmood Janjua

doi https://doi.org/10.55737/trt/v-i.232
This study investigates the use of instructional technologies for building a conducive classroom environment among prospective teachers enrolled in the Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) to foster an interactive and supportive learning environment. This study aimed to assess the classroom application of instructional technology and its impact on student engagement, interaction, and the learning environment. A quantitative design was used, with data collection through a structured classroom observation checklist during practicum teaching sessions. Aspects of observations that were identified are the extent to which digital devices (projectors, smart boards, etc.) were employed, students' participation with technology, teacher-student interactions, and multimedia resources. The findings indicated that most of the prospective teachers incorporate instructional technology, primarily the projector and multimedia presentations, which improve interactive learning, enhance concept explanation, and increase student interest. There were limitations in opportunities that allowed students to use technology directly, and student-centered use of technology was rarely observed. Variables such as classroom management skills, teacher self-confidence, and availability of resources, among others, significantly influenced technology use in the classrooms. The study concluded that instructional technology is essential in current pedagogical practices, but its effective use depends on skillful pedagogy and student engagement, highlighting the fact that prospective teachers need more practical training in it.
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381-391

Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Issue 1 (January Issue)

Articles

The Digital Payment–Expenditure Nexus: Examining Technology Readiness as a Boundary Condition in Bangladesh’s E-Commerce Sector

Trapped in Tradition: Gender Norms and the Cost of Marital Survival for Women in Rural Punjab, Pakistan

Role of Higher Education in Shaping Global Civic Consciousness: Perceptions of Rights and Duties Among University Students

Synergizing Eye Coordination and Agility in Mastering Badminton Skills

The Interplay of Early Attachment Difficulties and Long-Term Substance Use: A Clinical Case Study

Green Finance and Sustainable Development: International Evidence

Confusion, Tension, and Transformation: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis of Learning Inclusive Education in Punjab’s Initial Teacher Education Programs

A Comparative Study of the Strategic Culture of India and Pakistan and their Impacts on SAARC in South Asia

Dark Triad Traits and Attitudes toward Women Empowerment among Students

From Screens to Stocks How Finfluencer Opinions and Credibility Drive Investment Decisions in a Digital World

Development of an Indigenous Scale to Measure Age Discrimination among Elders

Board of Peace: Selective Engagement with Global Peace Mechanisms: Why India Resists International Peace Oversight in the Context of Kashmir: A Comparative Study with Gaza Strip

Enhancing Conceptual Understanding of Chemical Industry through Flipped Instruction: A Quasi Experimental Study

India’s SSBNs: Deterrence or Risk, Regional and Beyond?

Unravelling the Complexities of Reproductive Health Services Utilization: A Mixed-Method Analysis of Socio-Economic and Cultural Factors among Women in Sargodha, Pakistan

Barriers to the Provision of Adequate Physical Facilities in Primary Schools of District Kotli

Kashmir: Seeds of Conflict and the Role of Lord Mountbatten

The Evolution of Political Communication as an Academic Discipline: Media Infrastructures, War, and the Making of an Interdisciplinary Field

Global Expectation and Local Pressures on Community Based Organizations in Access to Zero-Doze Parents as Polio Eradication Campaign in the Southern Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Digital Preference and Lexical Learning: Exploring University Students’ Shift from Print to Online Dictionaries in Pakistan

Investigating the Effects of Cyberbullying on Mental Health Among Pakistani Adolescents

Self-Efficacy and Job Satisfaction among School Teachers: The Mediating Effect of Perceived Administrative Support

Impact of Leadership on Job Satisfaction and Employee Commitment

Impact of AI-assisted Medication Dosing on Adherence, Cognition, and Treatment Perception in Elderly Patients

Empowering Marginalized Voices: The Transformative Role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Advancing Women's Political Empowerment

Brand Defaming and Identity in Digital Society: A Semiotic Analysis of Temu Memes

From Training to Trust: Examining How Green HR Practices Enhance Corporate Authenticity Under Greenwashing Pressures

Teachers at the Intersection of Artificial Intelligence and Pedagogy: Exploring AI–Enhanced Teaching Practices in Secondary Education

Election 2026: Public Expectations, Electoral Transparency, and Political Preferences in Gilgit-Baltistan

Use of Instructional Technologies for Building Classroom Environments by Prospective Teachers

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